Abortion A Woman Has the Right to Choose Essay - 1288 Words

Abortion Introduction Abortion has become the common focus of diverse and influential debate in various societies, especially the U.S. One of the most confrontational topics argued is whether or not abortion is morally ethical. More than forty percent of all women will terminate their pregnancy by abortion at some point in their reproductive lives (Stacey OL). In spite of disagreement by many people, abortion is one of the most widespread medical procedures performed in the United States every single year. Eventhough abortion is opposed by many people, it should stay legal, because it is the right of a women to control herself or her body (Swomley, 1991). Pre-choice Abortion Abortion controversy can be broken down into two groups;†¦show more content†¦Embryos, fetuses, and zygotes are not considered unborn children; they must have the personality in order to be human. Many declare that the zygote is the person because it has forty-six chromosomes, yet that only makes it the potential human. Most cells in the body have forty-six chromosomes, but that does not make the white corpuscle the person! (Zindler 29) Just because the zygote has the same number of chromosomes that live humans have, it doesnt mean that they are humans yet. Everyone may have different beliefs as to when life begins but, the fact remains, it does not begin at conception (Regas, 1991). Many religions contain traditions which involve opinions on abortion. These outlooks generally scope from rejection to acceptance. The Bible clearly states that human life begins at birth with breathing. In Genesis 2, God breathed into his nostrils the breath of life and man became the dwelling being. In addition, According to King James version of the Bible, it does not condemn abortion or call it murder (Zindler 26). The 1954 edition of Codex Juris Canonici (Latin Manual of Church Law) states that Modern Roman Catholic Church admits not every conception is the person: When in doubt as to whether one or more are persons, one is baptized absolutely, others conditionally (Zindler 30). The Roman Catholic Church does not have moral right to force its improvable theological opinions on Non-Catholics. In HebrewShow MoreRelatedEssay on Abortion: A Woman Has the Right to Choose1356 Words   |  6 Pagesthought of being able to tell a woman what she can or can not do with her body. While I may not be fond of her hairstyle, make-up, or the revealing nature of her outfit, I understand it is her body and her decision to do with it as she would see fitting. However, while I let a women express her personal freedoms to choose, there are those that view the exact opposite. The United States was founded upon the principles that everyone is guaranteed the â€Å"certain unalienable rights†¦ of life, liberty, and theRead MoreAbortion: A Woman Has to Right to Choose Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesmost controversial situations in the United States is abortion. A couple of decades ago when abortion was illegal, thousands of woman died for attempting to terminate the child’s life themselves or with unprofessional help. On January 22, 1973, in the Roe v. Wade case, Supreme Court legalized abortion in all 50 states. This has saved thousands of woman’s lives and should remain legal. There are different definitions for this issue. â€Å"Abortion is the forcible removal of a developing baby from theRead MoreEssay on Abortion: Every Woman Has the Right to Choose559 Words   |  3 PagesThe debate over whether or not to legalize abortion has been going on since the 19th century. With abortion illegal, it would affect the well-being and rights of many women. Abortion should be kept legal in the United States because it is a personal and private decision. According to our ninth and fourteenth amendments, we have a right to privacy. The ninth amendment states that â€Å"the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retainedRead More Abortion: A Woman Has the Right to Choose Essay examples2307 Words   |  10 Pages The right to choose what happens to YOU is an American right that every person should be allotted. Though the First Amendment clearly states that all Americans have the right to freedom of speech, the topic of abortions continues to be challenged. Abortions poses moral and ethically challenges that many Americans ponder over. The major two sides involved in this is heated issue is â€Å"Pro-Life† vs. â€Å"Pro-Choice†, pro-life being against and pro-choice supporting abortions. This research paper will examineRead MoreAbortion: Every Woman Has the Right to Choose Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesdesire the answer to come to them on a stick with two pink lines. An unexpected pregnancy has the potential to become the greatest blessing or an inconceivable challenge depending on the individual and her current place in life. Upon confirming an unexpected pregnancy, each female must evaluate what choice is the best for her and her potential child. Regardless of the decision on e makes (whether it be abortion, adoption, or even starting a family) there are certain benefits and drawbacks that are boundRead MoreAbortion: Every Woman Has the Right to Choose Essay examples1222 Words   |  5 Pages Should abortion be legal? This debate is a strong issue in the U.S. Many people are for it, and many are against it. However, it seems people have extreme viewpoints on the issue. It is either all or nothing. The moderate position on abortion is it should be legal only under certain circumstances. According to the essay Three positions on abortion by Thomas Shannon and Nicholas Kockler, the moderate position would limit a consideration on the health of the fetus, risks to the life of motherRead MoreEssay about A Woman Has NO Right to Choose Muder (Abortion)1418 Words   |  6 PagesIn our nation today, abortion is being used as another form of birth control. It is not until later, that the woman realizes the mistake she made. Abortion will continue to be taken for granted until it becomes illegal. Prohibiting abortion will prevent innocent babies from being deprived of life. Lets begin this essay by reading at a true life story of a woman who had an abortion. â€Å"I learned that I was pregnant at the age of eighteen, shortly after moving in with my boyfriend. Feeling scaredRead MoreAbortion Should Be Legal For Many Years986 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate over whether or not abortion should be allowed has gotten very intricate. Because this subject is such a sensitive topic to discuss, many Americans have divided. According to www.aboritions.procon.org, abortion is considered murder. However, the U.S. Supreme Court has acknowledged that having an abortion is an essential right to all women. For many years, people have gone back and forth on why abortion should or should not be legal. Several individuals feel that abortions should be permitted andRead MoreAbortion : Abortion Or Anti Abortion1082 Words   |  5 Pages Abortion is among one of the world’s greatest debates. Americans hold the notion that someone is either pro-abortion or anti-abortion; there is no in-between. There is so much research to support both sides of the issue . For those who support abortion there is research that says that the choice belongs to every woman. There are certain circumstances that support this claim. A woman’s choice to have an abortion is her right. Is it right? Is it murder? There are countless people that view abortionRead MoreAbortion: I Am Pro-Choice Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesSince the early 1970’s abortion has been an important issue to the United States (Tietze 1). The problem begins with whether it is the woman’s choice to keep or terminate her pregnancy or the government’s choice. When this problem happens, a woman loses her right as a person. Most women argue about this issue, but if you look at it, it is the woman’s body, and she should do with it as she pleases. I believe that if a woman, under the right circumstances, should be able to make her own choices in

My Personal Statement On Marketing Degree - 1315 Words

According to Dr Steve Maraboli, â€Å"You were put on this earth to achieve your greatest self, to live out your purpose, and to do it courageously.† Purpose can be defined as the motive or the cause why people do what they do. Even more, it consists in what an individual can accomplish in her or his life, in order to, feel gratified and satisfied. My personal purpose in this life is to succeed in everything I do. I want to obtain my marketing degree and specialize myself in fashion, to become a recognized and notable business and fashion figure, own and associate to different companies, stay financially stable, inspire people around the world, and create an amazing family. Actually, I can point that as my purpose because it basically relates to everything I want for my future. I want to raise wonderful and responsible children and be able to not only provide them love and basic needs, but also please them with what they want occasionally and of course, make sure that they wil l never be in need of anything. My personal goal is to become a better person in general. In order to do this, I’m not going to try to be the best person ever, but the best version of myself. I want to maintain a good and close relationship with my family and friends, have an excellent financial situation, travel around the world, appreciate people, keep my values, stay healthy in every single way, to inspire and help people around the world. I will like to change some things about my attitude since IShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : The Sports Marketing Field795 Words   |  4 Pagesfocused, and competitive. I completed my major in Communication Studies with a double minor in history and marketing. I complete my undergraduate degree in three years, all while playing soccer at the D1 collegiate level. I am currently enrolled in the Master of Business Administration (MBA) program at Arkansas State University. My passion lies in promotion and marketing. I am particularly i nterested in social media marketing. I am scheduled to complete my degree in the spring of 2017. As graduationRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Companys Mission Statement Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesI would better understand the companys take on how they market themselves. The companys mission statement is, â€Å"To continue to be the leading provider of products, services, and information in the self-care and personal health enhancement market. To provide a shopping experience that exceeds our customers’ expectations (GNC,web).† In more simple terms, we explain to customers that our mission statement is better explained by two words, â€Å"Live Well†. You can find this phrase all over the stores, whetherRead MoreMba Statement of Purpose973 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: PERSONAL STATEMENT TO PURSUE AN MBA Personal Statement to Pursue an MBA My personal statement begins with my American journey. A journey of faith and courage in the face of adversity that has taken me to where I am today. And it remains still a work in progress. And an MBA will surely help accelerate that. I was sixteen years old when my family left the Philippines, my birthplace and migrated to the United States to pursue the American dream that many in theRead MorePersonal Marketing Plan Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesA Personal Marketing Plan Even as a child I always marvel about how systematic the process of handling the financial aspect of a certain company works. I have seen some people from my family try to organize their books of accounts and I am amazed at how financial statements are well coordinated. Thus, when I pursue my college education I decided that I want to take up accounting and learn the systematic process of managing finances. I come from a line of family who are into the business world.Read MoreGeneral Nutrition Center Is The Top Leading Nutritional Companies Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesI would better understand the companies take on how they market themselves. The company s mission statement is, â€Å"To continue to be the leading provider of products, services, and information in the self-care and personal health enhancement market. To provide a shopping experience that exceeds our customers’ expectations (GNC,web).† In simpler terms, we explain to customers that our mission statem ent is better explained by two words, â€Å"Live Well†. You can find this phrase all over the stores, whetherRead MorePersonal Statement : The Financial Manager855 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Statement It was when I received a task as the â€Å"financial manager† of my siblings at the age of ten that I became interested in the power of money. As the eldest child of the family, I was put in charge of managing my siblings’ monthly allowance, giving them the amount they need every week and save the rest for later. This act of my parents does not only taught me money managing, but also brought me enthusiasm towards monetary issues, making accounting my greatest passion since then. OverRead MoreHow to Write a Supporting Statement1268 Words   |  6 Pagessupporting statements and personal statements Applications – the basics (Givens: to really take seriously, work on a photocopy/sheet of paper first, keep a copy of what has been sent, complete in black biro) †¢ Do not scatter-gun. Decide on a direction and stick at it. †¢ Put in your best effort – they WILL notice if you don’t. †¢ ‘Full’ or ‘complete’ details means what it says. Where it doesn’t, you may have licence to pick and choose. †¢ Personal/supportingRead MorePersonal Statement : College Of Communication And Arts757 Words   |  4 PagesFaycal Koussoube Personal Statement College of communication and arts Degree objective: Master in Public Relations My interest in media and communications was fueled by a previous passion to study journalism. In middle school, I edited a little newspaper of two (2) pages relating the previous week’s activities. The idea surprised the school’s director and many of my classmates. Everyone was excited about the idea, and the newspaper became a five (5) pages newspaper that was edited twelve (12) timesRead MorePersonal Statement : Marketing And Finance804 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Statement Growing up in a business background where my family had been in the international trade business for the last hundred years, I was always amazed to see how data science gradually involved in our family business. I have also gained insight into the data science tools and how data science improved our business decision-making and performance. During the past three years, I have found my post-graduation in Marketing and Finance comes out to support my success on my professional careerRead MoreWho Is A Fraud Risk Analyst For Best Western International1297 Words   |  6 PagesInternational, where I use evidence, statements and testimony to identify and analyze fraudulent activity and trends to help lower one of the largest hotel chains fraud risk. Even though, my positon normally requires the individual to have a Bachelor’s degree in the Hospitality Industry, Accounting, Finance, Administration or a similar field, my experience within the company and analytical abilities have pro ven to be exceptional to override the candidates requirement. My determination to seeing things

Nuclear Energy Essay Thesis Example For Students

Nuclear Energy Essay Thesis Nuclear EnergyRadioactive wastes, must for the protection of mankind be stored or disposed in such a manner that isolation from the biosphere is assured until they have decayed to innocuous levels. If this is not done, the world could face severe physical problems to living species living on this planet. Some atoms can disintegrate spontaneously. As they do, they emit ionizing radiation. Atoms having this property are called radioactive. By far the greatest number of uses for radioactivity in Canada relate not to the fission, but to the decay of radioactive materials radioisotopes. These are unstable atoms that emit energy for a period of time that varies with the isotope. During this active period, while the atoms are decaying to a stable state their energies can be used according to the kind of energy they emit. Since the mid 1900s radioactive wastes have been stored in different manners, but since several years new ways of disposing and storing these wastes have been developed so they may no longer be harmful. A very advantageous way of storing radioactive wastes is by a process called vitrification. Vitrification is a semi-continuous process that enables the following operations to be carried out with the same equipment: evaporation of the waste solution mixed with the borosilicate: any of several salts derived from both boric acid and silicic acid and found in certain minerals such as tourmaline. additives necesary for the production of borosilicate glass, calcination and elaboration of the glass. These operations are carried out in a metallic pot that is heated in an induction furnace. The vitrification of one load of wastes comprises of the following stages. The first step is Feeding. In this step the vitrification receives a constant flow of mixture of wastes and of additives until it is 80% full of calcine. The feeding rate and heating power are adjusted so that an aqueous phase of several litres is permanently maintained at the surface of the pot. The second step is the Calcination and glass evaporation. In this step when the pot is practically full of calcine, the temperature is progressively increased up to 1100 to 1500 C and then is maintained for several hours so to allow the glass to elaborate. The third step is Glass casting. The glass is cast in a special container. The heating of the output of the vitrification pot causes the glass plug to melt, thus allowing the glass to flow into containers which are then transferred into the storage. Although part of the waste is transformed into a solid product there is still treatment of gaseous and liquid wastes. The gases that escape from the pot during feeding and calcination are collected and sent to ruthenium filters, condensers and scrubbing columns. The ruthenium filters consist of a bed of condensacate: product of condensation. glass pellets coated with ferrous oxide and maintained at a temperature of 500 C. In the treatment of liquid wastes, the condensates collected contain about 15% ruthenium. This is then concentrated in an evaporator where nitric acid is destroyed by formaldehyde so as to maintain low acidity. The concentration is then neutralized and enters the vitrification pot. Once the vitrification process is finished, the containers are stored in a storage pit. This pit has been designed so that the number of containers that may be stored is equivalent to nine years of production. Powerful ventilators provide air circulation to cool down glass. The glass produced has the advantage of being stored as solid rather than liquid. The advantages of the solids are that they have almost complete insolubility, chemical inertias, absence of volatile products and good radiation resistance. Genesis Essay Generally the waste solutions should contain less than 2500mg/l total solids. Most of the dissolved solids would be ionized and would compete with the radionuclides for the exchange sites. In the event where the waste can meet these specifications, two principal techniques are used: batch operation and column operation. The batch operation consists of placing a given quantity of waste solution and a predetermined amount of exchanger in a vessel, mixing them well and permitting them to stay in contact until equilibrium is reached. The solution is then filtered. The extent of the exchange is limited by the selectivity of the resin. Therefore, unless the selectivity for the radioactive ion is very favourable, the efficiency of removal will be low. Column application is essentially a large number of batch operations in series. Column operations become more practical. In many waste solutions, the radioactive ions are cations and a single column or series of columns of cation exchanger will provide decontamination. High capacity organic resins are often used because of their good flow rate and rapid rate of exchange. Monobed or mixed bed columns contain cation and anion exchangers in the same vessel. Synthetic organic resins, of the strong acid and strong base type are usually used. During operation of mixed bed columns, cation and anion exchangers are mixed to ensure that the acis formed after contact with the H-form cation resins immediately neutralized by the OH-form anion resin. The monobed or mixed bed systems are normally more economical to process waste solutions. Against background of growing concern over the exposure of the population or any portion of it to any level of radiation, however small, the methods which have been successfully used in the past to dispose of radioactive wastes must be reexamined. There are two commonly used methods, the storage of highly active liquid wastes and the disposal of low activity liquid wastes to a natural environment: sea, river or ground. In the case of the storage of highly active wastes, no absolute guarantee can ever be given. This is because of a possible vessel deterioration or catastrophe which would cause a release of radioactivity. The only alternative to dilution and dispersion is that of concentration and storage. This is implied for the low activity wastes disposed into the environment. The alternative may be to evaporate off the bulk of the waste to obtain a small concentrated volume. The aim is to develop more efficient types of evaporators. At the same time the decontamination factors obtained in evaporation must be high to ensure that the activity of the condensate is negligible, though there remains the problem of accidental dispersion. Much effort is current in many countries on the establishment of the ultimate disposal methods. These are defined to those who fix the fission product activity in a non-leakable solid state, so that the general dispersion can never occur. The most promising outlines in the near future are; the absorbtion of montmorillonite clay which is comprised of natural clays that have a good capacity for chemical exchange of cations and can store radioactive wastes, fused salt calcination which will neutralize the wastes and high temperature processing. Even though man has made many breakthroughs in the processing, storage and disintegration of radioactive wastes, there is still much work ahead to render the wastes absolutely harmless. Technology Essays

Pas de trois Review Essay Example

Pas de trois Review Paper Essay on Pas de trois Anna Matveeva a new name for me. Accident and recently came across one of her stories in an Internet magazine. The story was called Saint Helena (after already learned that it is one of the pieces of the book Pas de trois). . The usual story of ordinary life eight pages to scanned and forgotten forever, if not for the highlight in almost every paragraph, makes reading alive, and the story of the unique Lena graduated from the Pedagogical Institute the production factory spinsters and for a long time teacher in the school, and here is -. educator , produced by loneliness, zhemchu-wife , zapletykivayas - generously scattered on all eight pages. Delicious is written:) Then, with one gulp, there were other stories included in the book. Other books Golev and Castro, Heaven We will write a custom essay sample on Pas de trois Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pas de trois Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pas de trois Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the life, death About love and dislike On Faith After reading the story Golev and Castro came up with the phrase: it prose Anna Matveeva real! With a slight bitterness and sad irony, sometimes with startling imagery, sometimes ordinary, even a little gray as our whole life. But nastoyaschayaya! Sometimes Anna Matveeva is like a Dean Rubin and Lyudmila Ulitskaya. Polished style and ability to apply the most ordinary human life (in a literary resource for such prose coined the term just about life) is slightly ironic and sharp, but with a taste nothing special, everything like everyone else. But everything like everyone else are not going to read avidly. This may be an imitation? Or maybe all the talented people cry from the heart resembles something thats so? Still, to begin acquaintance with the author advice from this book of short stories. It seems to me that the stories she had more vivid. And for every taste. There is even an easy and fun fantasy. For example, the story of Baby from this book Enjoy reading:.)

The Charge Of The Light Brigade Essays

The Charge Of The Light Brigade Essays The Charge Of The Light Brigade Paper The Charge Of The Light Brigade Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Alfred Tennyson and Siegfried Sassoon approach the subject of war in different ways. While Tennyson gives the impression that the soldiers who are mentioned in his poem are heroes, Sassoon does not try to glorify war and shows us the bloody realism of conflict. An important point to note is the date when Tennyson wrote The Charge Of The Light Brigade. It was written on April 10 1864; almost ten years after the actual battle took place. Tennyson understood that if he were to write it soon after the battle, people would not like it, as the morale of the nation would have been low after such a defeat. He was a popular poet of the time and swayed to public opinion, and releasing the poem straight after the war could damage his reputation. Sassoon did not have such a reputation to uphold and since he had served in the military during the war, he was able to give a first hand account of the shocking brutality of war. While the purpose of Tennysons poem would have been to raise public spirits, Sassoons was to educate the people about war and how terrible it was. The attitude in Tennysons poem is varied. He praises the soldiers for their bravery (Cannon to the right of them, Cannon to the left of them, and condemns those who did not fight, most notably the captains, and calls into question the military hierarchy (Someone had blunderd: Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die:). He does this subtly and avoids naming the captain who had blundered, as doing this could cause public uproar and he could be held responsible. Toward the end of the poem, particularly the last stanza, the attitude is very upbeat, almost as if they had won the battle (When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wonderd. Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred! ). In this stanza, the word wonderd is ambiguous. It could mean wondered, as at first glance it may seem to, or it could also mean amazed, depending on which way it is interpreted. With those six lines, he turns defeat into heroism, and makes the soldiers out to be heroes. Sassoons attitude is very downbeat, and he does not try to glorify things like Tennyson does in his final stanza. He gives an honest, brutal account of war and its consequences. The attitude is the same throughout, unlike the varying attitude in Tennysons. Tennyson tries to help the public understand the poem with the inclusion of a bible passage. In the first stanza, he writes Into the valley of Death. This is a quote from Psalms 23, and as many people were highly religious and attended church in Victorian times, including a bible phrase in the poem would help them to understand. Sassoons contains very little biblical reference, apart from a single crude reference at the very end (O Jesus, make it stop! ). This is probably because Sassoon made his poem easy to understand and unlike Tennysons poem, there are no cryptic or ambiguous phrases. Sassoon draws the reader into the battle, but it seems fairly linear compared to Tennysons. He uses the phrase Rode the six hundred three times, and this gives an impression of the grand scale of the battle. Another word that he repeats many times is Death. He uses it to make it seem inevitable that the soldiers are about to die, despite them battling bravely and standing up to gunfire (Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death). In Sassoons poem, he does not use the word at all but strongly hints that the same fate awaits the soldiers. There are many metaphors in Sassoons poem. He starts it with the ljne At dawn the ridge emerges massed and dun, which gives an impression of an enormous, intimidating ridge emerging from the darkness. It is a good metaphor to use and helps build up atmosphere at the start of the poem, as does the next line (In the wild purple of the glowring sun). The line The menacing scarred slope; and, one by one, Tanks creep and topple forward to the wire suggests that this is not the first battle but that it has been the scene of many battles before. The second part gives visions of these enormous machines peering out from over the top of the slope, coming toward the soldier clumsily. These are both effective lines and add to the atmosphere before the actual battle begins. Lines of grey, muttering faces, masked with fear, They leave their trenches, going over the top is an important line in the poem. It tells us that the soldiers are frozen with fear, as if emotionless because they know that they are soon to die. Going over the top is a common war phrase and people would instantly recognise this and understand what it means. The soldiers realise that they will die anyway so they charge over the top to fight the enemy. This is an important line in the poem, as it envisages just how brutal and shocking war can be. The final line of the poem (Flounders in mud. O Jesus, make it stop! ) tells us how the soldiers fall and struggle on the muddy battlefield, and the second part of the line makes the first part seem even more effective in expressing the soldiers desperation and torment. People at the time would have been angry that Sassoon had used Jesus name so casually because they were very religious in Victorian times. His finishing line is very different to Tennysons, who praises the soldiers and ends on an upbeat attitude. Sassoon does not glorify war at all. Although Tennyson does not use many metaphors, he uses other effects such as alliteration, repetition and anaphora to great effect. His first line (Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward) is anaphoric. He uses is to good effect and makes it sound like horses hooves clattering rhythmically on the ground. One instance where he uses repetition to good effect is in the fourth stanza (Cannon to the right of them, Cannon to the left of them, Cannon behind them). This tells us that they were surrounded, with nowhere to go but they fought on bravely and is very atmospheric. Also in the fourth stanza, which seems to be the main stanza describing battle, he writes Reeld from the sabre-stroke, Shatterd and sunderd. This is a good example of alliteration. He makes the soldiers seem down and out, shaken by the battle and with no energy left, only for them to ride heroically back into the valley. While he does not glorify war in any way, he celebrates the soldiers who died during the battle and turns their defeat into heroism.

Word Choice Ensure vs. Insure - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Ensure vs. Insure - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Ensure vs. Insure Although ensure and insure sound similar and differ in spelling by only one letter, they are typically used in very different contexts. Nevertheless, due to their similarity, they are often mixed up in writing. However, repeated misspelling of the word ensure, or confusing it with the word insure will reflect badly on your attention to detail. As such, you should try to memorize what these words mean. Ensure (Make Certain) Ensure is a verb meaning make certain of something. It is commonly used in academic assignments when checking that something is accurate or guaranteed. For instance, we might say: To ensure that the results were accurate, we repeated the test. If you need to use ensure several times in one paper, you may want to use synonyms such as guarantee or make certain to vary your word choice. Insure (Guarantee Against Loss or Harm) To insure something is to secure it against potential damage, loss or harm by arranging for compensation should anything unfortunate occur: My house is insured against fire and water damage. It is most often used when discussing finances, specifically the idea of getting insurance against a risk: Before you go abroad, make sure to get travel insurance. Sometimes, you can also use it in a more general sense to mean take precautions, as in the sentence: By apologizing to the headmaster, the children hoped to insure themselves against detention. Ensure or Insure? Although they look similar on the page, there is a clear difference in meaning (and spelling) between these two words. To ensure that you use the correct one in your paper (see what we did there?), remember the following: Ensure = Make certain/guarantee Insure = Take out financial protection against a risk If you would like more writing advice, get in touch with the professionals at Proofed today!

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Research - Essay Example Business leaders may want to overprice their products in an effort to cover their costs. However it can result in declining sales for businesses. While all business leaders want their businesses to grow, uncontrolled growth of business can lead to failure for an organization. Adverse selection involves a situation where a buyer or seller  of a product or service is unaware of the quality or state of the product or service. This allows them to approximate what they feel is an accurate price. Because of this lack of information sellers are less likely to offer quality goods and services. Managers face a multitude of challenges when they run their businesses. Some of these challenges include pricing techniques and operational problems. If these problems are not managed effectively and /or resolved it could lead to various problems for the organization. Predatory pricing can be defined as â€Å"an anti-competitive measure employed by a dominant company to protect market share from new or existing competitors†. (â€Å"Predatory Pricing†,n.d.) The gradual reduction of the price of a product may indicate predatory pricing. A firm may want to have a monopoly over a certain market so it sells its products at prices below the firm’s costs of production. ... Certain health care systems may engage in predatory pricing with health plans not in their network in order to prevent smaller hospitals from becoming fully fledged competitors. This practice results in a managed care system monopolizing an aspect of health care. In 2011 the United States Department of Justice stated that United Regional Health Care System had participated in predatory pricing practices with certain managed care plans to eliminate Kell West Regional Hospital as competition. â€Å"DOJ (has alleged ) that United Regional’s managed care contracts with non- Blue Cross plans harmed competition by excluding Kell West from the payer’s networks in exchange for increased discounts on all services at United Regional.† (Argue , n.d., para. 2) Other health care providers may engage in predatory pricing in an effort to prevent new competitors from participating in a certain health care market. â€Å"Management information systems (MIS) are a set of procedure s to collect important business information for making management decisions.† (Vitez, 2012, para 1) While technology has made the implementation of MIS simpler there are still some disadvantages. Management personnel may spend a great deal of time designing, reviewing, implementing and controlling the MIS. This can result in the hindrance of the decision making process of managers. This poses challenges to MIS theorists since some MIS tend to not be adaptable.† (Nowduri , 2007,p.8) Company leaders may not be able to effectively perform their duties if too much time is spent focusing on MIS. It can also be a very complicated system.MIS processes may be disruptive to business operations if the system accumulates an overabundance of information that is irrelevant

The Divisive Issue of Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Divisive Issue of Immigration - Essay Example History seemed to repeat itself but this time the mob was not trying to expel the illegal immigrants; instead, their supporters - relatives, friends and neighbors - banded together to become a mob fighting for their right to stay in America. In the same article Karen Tumulty recorded the events of the recent months and found something that according to her most Americans were caught unaware including the Senators who were supposed to be on top of the problem: There was the scene in Apache Junction, Ariz., in which a few Hispanic students raised a Mexican flag over their high school and another group took it down and burned it. In Houston the principal at Reagan High School was reprimanded for raising a Mexican flag below the U.S. and Texas ones, in solidarity with his largely Hispanic student body. Tom Tancredo, the Republican from Colorado who has become Congress's loudest anti-immigrant voice, said his congressional offices in Colorado and Washington were swamped by more than 1,000 phone calls, nearly all from people furious about the protests in which demonstrators "were blatantly stating their illegal presence in the country and waving Mexican flags." When the author intimated that the attempt to reform the immigration law was dividing the country it is clear that it was an understatement. But looking at it from a purely social perspective is merely scratching the surface for there are more powerful forces encouraging the migrants from across the border to cross the line. Migrant workers risking life and limb to come over to the United States is simply in need of better employment. For employers the long line of workers responding to the help wanted sign means that there is a great chance of getting the best man for the job at a lower cost. And the incentive of employers to continually shield or encouraged illegal aliens t is simply a matter of exploiting a competitive labor market. Here is where differing interests begin to conflict, while two views of how a government should function comes to mind. The first view states that the federal government should function as an organism therefore each individual living in the United States is just part of the whole and therefore each person's welfare is subject to what will benefit the whole. The other view states the conver se which is that the federal government is a mechanism created by the people to serve the people. An example of the second view coming to play in this national problem was addressed by Tumulty, referring to a particular minority - some members of the Republican Party- and this is what she said, "The business interests in the party base don't want to disrupt a steady supply of cheap labor for the agriculture, construction, hotel and restaurant industries, among others." Therein lies the bone of contention. To some, the illegal migrant workers are a boon to the economy while to those struggling to get a piece of the pie, they are a threat. Welfare economics does not offer much help in solving

Cote d’Ivoire Essay Example for Free

Cote d’Ivoire Essay Cote d’Ivoire was one of the most stable societies for decades, until a crisis hit them in 1986 which caused the collapse of cocoa prices worldwide. This country is the biggest producer of cocoa in the world, so they were affected pretty badly. The cocoa plantations started in the 1920s in the southeast part of the country, expanding to the center west and then to the southwest by the 1970s. Every year the state would fix the prices of cocoa and the differences in price between world and country would be taken by the government there. They would, however, use it on the country for better living. The income from cocoa is mainly what inspires industrial growth, along with the development of infrastructure. The capital was Abidjan (capital of the former French colony) until it was moved to Yamoussoukro after the crisis occurred in an attempt to balance the country out; which so happens to be the birthplace of the current president. Despite the capital moving, most of the wealth remained in Abidjan. After the crisis jobs became so scarce, especially in places such as Yamoussoukro that people would move back to the rural areas in an attempt to find jobs. With a surprise, they found there was little land left and a lot of foreigners; creating tension. With all that tension, land and crops turned into a sort of politics; over who was Ivorian and who wasn’t. Now, as this country struggles with higher populations and few jobs, will they overcome it? Gabon Gabon is one of the richest nations of Africa south of the Sahara. They rely on crop harvesting and natural resources such as oil, although a non-renewable source. Gabon happens to be the 13th largest exporter of oil. When Gabon first gained independence, lumber was 75% of their exports. Today, it is 6% of their exports because of the importance of oil. Their main way of making funds is through oil, which is 50% of their exports. While it brings in a lot of money for the country, it causes citizens to struggle since it is harder for them to sell their goods such as crops. If they continue to rely on non-renewable sources, when it runs out their country will suffer. The president, however, is working on trying to rely less and less on oil. They plan on exporting more lumber and crops. Part of the issue, is that Gabon only imports 50% of their required foods and the citizens suffer for that. With all the sudden logging in forests they are endangering the species living within it. So after hard work of group members from the National Geographic Society, the president announced that there would be a National Park system covering 10% of the forests. Wealth in Gabon is fairly unbalanced; there are those who make plenty of money while there are those that make enough to make it by. Majority of the population resides on the coasts in two cities, Port-Gentil and Libreville. Between those two cities there is no means of transportation other than by air or by water. It is difficult to go between the two cities. One-third of the population resides in the capital city, Libreville, nicknamed â€Å"The City of Bees† because of the fact they are all piled atop one another. As this country works, to relieve its issue of vulnerability and lessen the dependence of oil, they work together to provide for one another; both animal and people alike. Laos Laos is one of the poorest countries in the world, despite their efforts to raise way of living. The Mekong River is 11,000 miles long through and along Laos, serving as a barrier between Laos and its neighboring countries. That is, until â€Å"The Friendship Bridge† was constructed, connecting Thailand and Laos together. Laos is the least developed country amongst its area, and life expectancy there is low; fifty three years roughly. Many of the children are malnourished, about 43% of them. Children have also been dying, falling prone to Malaria and other diseases, diarrhea, or infections due to lack of clean facilities and medicines. That and much of the population reside in the rural areas of Laos. Laos is using hydro-electric power to connect them to the rest of the world. They produce an excessive amount of electricity, more than they can use. So they sell all that excess electricity to Thailand for good profit. They make only can use 20% of the electricity they make. Laos has over 60 dam sites that can eventually be developed into a hydro-electric power plant. It is a hope that they can use this to improve the country and to help its people. However, they cannot afford to pay for construction of the dams and generators required. Another problem is the effect it would have on the people living near the river. Will the dam make enough money that causing problems for the villagers below will be worth it? Another thing is the fact that only 8% of the rural population is connected to the electric grid. Roads connecting to China and Thailand are in progress, for more networking between the countries. One issue that worries citizens of Laos is the major problem of AIDS/HIV in Thailand. While â€Å"The Friendship Bridge† is definitely something they have always needed, they do not want their country suffering even more than it already is because of it. The president of Laos wants his country to grow, but at a rate that is suitable for everyone so they can all adapt. He believes that a country growing too fast is a bad thing; that humans shouldn’t grow so fast. So as they work toward building dams for their hydro-electric plants for profit, they will have to decide which dams will be good in the long run, for everyone.

Malaria Essay -- essays research papers fc

Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases are treated at home, one in twenty children die of the disease before they reach the age of five. Pregnant women are also more vulnerable to disease and in certain parts of Africa, they are four times as likely to contract the disease a nd only half as likely to survive it. The most common sites of malaria-carrying mosquitoes is in tropical and subtropical areas with warm climates. Also, there must be a source of water, such as a lake, ocean, or stream, because this is where the mosquitoes breed. While Africa is the site of most malaria cases, there are a few other countries that account for some of the malaria cases. In fact, in 1990, seventy-five percent of all recorded malaria cases outside Africa were condensed in nine countries, which were India, Brazil, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, and China. There was once a small malaria epidemic in the United States. It occurred mainly in Army families. This was because U.S. troops in other countries were not on the proper medication, contracted the disease, and brought it back to the United States. Malaria in humans is caused by four species of protozoa, sophisticated one-celled organisms, that can infect red blood cells. These four species are called Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae, and plasmodium ovale. The worst cases are caused by the Plasmodium falciparum species, which is also the species with the most resistance to drugs. To contract malaria, a mosquito, but not just any mosquito must bite a human. The only type of mosquito that can infect humans with the malaria virus is the Anopheles mosquito. While there are... ...cceptable consequence to keeping hundreds of human lives. Currently, there are a few different research projects dealing with malaria. For example, Dr. D. Lalloo is working on a project investing the effects of malaria in adolescents. Professor D. H. Molyneux is doing a research project on the effects of malaria on the HIV virus. Professor M. E. Molyneux is working on a project looking at diseases connected with malaria. There are also many other research projects investigating other aspects of malaria, such as a vaccine for this deadly disease. While malaria is a curable disease if noticed early enough, there are still hundreds and hundreds of deaths due to malaria every year. This is because not everyone has access to the medicines that can be used to prevent this awful disease. In the last couple of years, a lot of progress has been made in developing a cure or vaccine for malaria. Hopefully, one will be developed within the next few years. Works Cited World Book Millenium 2000, pages 95-96 The New Complete Medical and Health Encyclopedia Volume Two, pages 591-593 Encyclopedia of Family Health, pages 993-996 www.malaria.org www.cdc.gov www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Malaria.html

Health Risks of Energy Drink Essay

Introduction People want immediate results in the middle of the busy day, after exercise, or any other activity which requires them to recharge themselves. So, instead of focusing on key natural ways such as sleep habits, improving diets we used to go for certain energy drinks available in the market without knowing the pros and cons of these drinks related to our health. Recent researches on the consumption of energy drinks have proved that the excessive use of these types of drinks can cause severe health risk including increase in systolic pressure, insomnia, and various other discussed later in the paper. It is the common phenomena that energy drink used to rebuild the energy lost during the exercise, which is not right. Similarly, it does not help burn calories, neither it speed ups the metabolism nor it provides long lasting energy to our body. Energy drinks are the fastest growing beverages market (Bornstein, 2011). Youth is reportedly consumers more energy drinks than other demographic variable. There are various energy drinks available in the market targeting the same type of crowd with different slogan and appeals. Some have focused on athletes, some on teenagers and students etc. Excessive caffeine can cause various health problems such as insomnia, jitters, nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, and heart palpitations. Background Statement We see various TV ads focusing on red bull, 5-hour ENERGY, monster etc so are these drinks shelved at the supermarkets. However, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and UK drug inspecting agencies has reported severe health related issues on the consumption of energy drinks. The sales of energy drinks in UK and other parts of the world is increasing so are the concerns after the researches made on this particular subject. Hence, the need is to review the myth surrounding energy drinks consumption. What are energy drinks? According to UK soft drink report (2012), soft drinks are â€Å"traditional glucose based energy drinks; functional or stimulation energy drinks which claim a particular energy boost from caffeine, Guarani, turbine and ginseng or other herbs or some combination of these ingredients†. The ingredients used in these energy drinks act as a stimulant to the central nervous system of our brain. These include caffeine or Guarani and vitamins etc. Health Risk There are various serious health risks associated with the consumption of energy drinks. Some of these health risks are discussed in this section. Drinking energy drinks in moderation is not necessarily harmful. Excessive consumption of energy drinks containing caffeine, however, can result in the same health effects related to consuming too much caffeine, such as insomnia, jitters, nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, and heart palpitations. Like sodas, the amount of sugar and empty calories (calories that do not contain nutrients) in energy drinks contribute to poor dietary health when consumed regularly. Hence, the affects of these drinks are short term as well long term. These affects are categorized below: Short term affects †¢ Hurts performance †¢ Increased heart rate †¢ Abnormal heart rhythm and other problems †¢ Crabby †¢ Trouble Concentrating †¢ Negative interactions with medications †¢ Increased Blood Pressure Long term affects †¢ Caffeine Addiction †¢ Liver Failure †¢ Sleep Apnea †¢ Kidney Failure †¢ Cardiovascular Disease So, it is better to be aware of these health issues and do not use more than 100mg/day of the caffeine as per health official recommendation. Conclusion After reviewing the ingredients, myths, and other factors surrounding the energy drinks it can be concluded that excessive use of caffeine i.e. by consuming more energy drink will certainly lead us to the several health risks which might be short term as well as long term. So, the need for the people is to get educate themselves, so is the responsibility of the energy drink manufacturers to warn the customers of the potential health hazards associated with the particular drink. References Roy-Bornstein, C. (2011). Just Say No to Energy Drinks. Pediatrics For Parents, 27(7/8), 11. UK soft drink report (2012) Available at: http://www. britishsoftdrinks. com/PDF/UK%20soft%20drinks%20report%202012. pdf.

Learning Styles, Motivation and on the Job Training

The first learning style is sensing vs. intuitive learning style. Sensing learners like learning facts and solving problems by well established methods. Unlike intuitive learners, sensor learners resent testing on material that has not been explicitly covered in training. (p 169) Intuitive learners often prefer discovering new relationships and can be innovative in their approach to problem solving. They dislike repetition and are better at grasping concepts than sensor learners. Unlike sensors, intuitive learners don’t like courses that involve a lot of memorization and routine calculations. In order to get the most out of training, sensor learners need to be intuitive learners at times and at times intuitive learners need to be sensor learners. The trainer can help the sensor learner by organizing the training by using a problem first method. Intuitors can be more difficult to train especially if the training involves a lot of memorization. The trainer can help these people by creating incentives such as a game with a reward for memorizing certain key points of the training. Next there is the visual vs. erbal learner. Visual learners remember best what they see, pictures, diagrams, flowcharts and demonstrations. 169 Verbal learners get more out of words; both written and spoken. Visual learners are among the easiest to train. There are a wide variety of materials available to supplement lectures for the trainer to use to engage the visual learner. The trainer can help the verbal learner by having handouts of the presentation available or providing paper in which the trainee can summarize the presentation in his/her own words. Sequential learners vs. global learners. Sequential learners gain understanding when things are presented step by step. The global learner is one who needs to see the whole picture before being able to absorb the details. The sequential learner can be helped by providing a copy of the lecture material with blank spaces for the sequential learner to fill in key terms and definitions. The global learner can be helped by explaining how each new module fits in with the overall purpose of the training. Active learners vs reflective learners. Active learners need to do something. They can be helped by applying the information, discussing it, or explaining it to others. Reflective learners prefer to think about the new information before applying it. â€Å" Let’s try it out and see how it works† is how the active learner might respond. The reflective learner on the other hand might say, â€Å" Let’s think it through first†. The active learner can be helped by the trainer by being placed in group settings. They have a particularly hard time sitting in a lecture and taking notes. The reflective learner, however, prefers working alone so it might be beneficial to give this type of learner questions to answer at the end of each training module. One of the most frequently used training methods is on the job training (OJT). Compare and contrast the characteristics of an informal OJT program with that of a formal one. Before the advent of training classrooms, on the job training was the most predominant form of training.. This was commonly referred to as apprenticeship. Master craftsmen passed on their skills to novices who worked alongside of them Today, on the job training is used primarily for teaching new technology or increasing skills in the use of current technology. Informal OJT consists of using more skilled co-workers or supervisors to train the less skilled or less experienced employee. The informal OJT has not been thought out or prepared (p 236). The workers generally learn on a trial and error basis with some feedback from supervisors or coworkers. It is also done on an ad hoc basis with no predetermined content or process. With informal OJT there aren’t any objectives or goals and trainers are often chosen on the basis of their technical expertise not their training ability because they haven’t had any formal training on how to train. This creates more room for error because the trainers are often inconsistent and may even be introducing methods that are not approved by the organization. Formal OJT programs are just the opposite. They have a carefully thought out sequence of events. Like informal OJT the trainee gets to observe the trainer performing the job related tasks. Unlike informal OJT, the procedures involved in the tasks are discussed, before, during and after the training. In formal OJT, the trainee does not begin performing the tasks until the trainer feels that they are ready to do so. The trainee is given more and more of the job to perform as he/she masters the each skill necessary to perform the task. Because a trainer is used who is not only experienced with the task but trained as a trainer, the company can be assured that the new employees are learning the tasks more quickly and systematically than in an informal training. Another advantage is consistency of training. The company can be sure that all of the workers performing the same tasks in any of the company departments or locations will be performing in the same manner. With formal OJT, inputs and outputs can be assessed to determine if any modifications need to be made to the training. Describe four factors that should be considered when developing an effective computer based training (CBT) program. One of the biggest factors to consider is the cost of the program. Developing a CBT can be a costly endeavor. Costs of the program include the wages of the course developer as well as the wages of the trainees while they are taking the program (p 276). Then the organization must also consider the costs of the hardware and software needed to conduct the training. The company must then weigh these costs against the number of trainees that will be using the program and how often the program will be needed as well as the frequency of updating the material. The second factor to consider is the control of material and the training process. Because the content is built directly into the program, the company has complete control over the content of the learning material that all trainees are getting. This is advantageous for companies with multiple locations because it allows for consistency in the training. Also, the trainees are moved through the training process based on their understanding of each training module. The trainees can also start and stop the training rocess which allows for minimal disruption in production. CBTs can help employees enhance their knowledge. The CBT can present the facts in several different formats and presentation styles. It also can provide a variety of modules to show the employees how to apply the knowledge to their actual job. Analyze the three things an organization should do to motivate a trainee before the trainee attends training. An organization can have one of the best training programs available, but if the trainees are not motivated they will not learn. When conducting a training program, it is important to remember that the trainees all have different learning styles. Each of the trainees will have a different learning style than the others. Most likely they will have a combination of the sensing/intuitive, active/reflective, visual/verbal and sequential/global learning styles. Because of this it is important to remember that a variety of training methods be incorporated into the training and it is also important to remember that there will be modules of the training that will be more effective for some trainees than others.

Free Essays on Medea And Direction

Medea is not an easy text on a few different levels. On the most basic, it is difficult to read. The language, while translated, isn’t the easiest to follow, and the story line is sometimes choppy. On a different level, the nature of the play, as a tragedy, may be difficult for some theatre-goers to handle. Not that murder was anything new to the stage even in Euripidess’ time, but some may argue that even today, the play would have a PG-13 rating on it. The prologue of the play doesn’t go as far as to reveal the ending, but it speculates. The Nurse is acting as the narrator for the audience in the opening pages of the play. She tells the audience that Jason has decided to go to Corinth, thus breaking up his family. The Nurse goes on to reveal that this family is turning to turmoil. She talks about Medea â€Å"She hates her sons. / Takes no pleasure in their sight. / I dread to think / of what is hatching in her mind.† (Lines 46-49) The purpose for this scene is to set the play up to be a disaster. While not the most uplifting piece, Medea is one that is still thoroughly studied and widely known. For my performance of the prologue, I will use the facade of Cochrane hall. This space, while not a traditional theatrical venue, lends itself quite nicely to outdoor drama. The walkway leading up to the steps from North Maine street forms what could be a thrust stage. There is also a sidewalk that goes in front of the main steps to the building which can be used theatrically. The audience will stand on either side of the thrust on the grass and watch the action unfold. The steps to the building will be used for the chorus when they are saying lines. The language and structure of the text is difficult sometimes for the actors to memorize, but easier, I think, for the audience to understand than perhaps the Shakespeare text we worked with earlier in the semester. The translation that I’m using is the one that was provided to us in the... Free Essays on Medea And Direction Free Essays on Medea And Direction Medea is not an easy text on a few different levels. On the most basic, it is difficult to read. The language, while translated, isn’t the easiest to follow, and the story line is sometimes choppy. On a different level, the nature of the play, as a tragedy, may be difficult for some theatre-goers to handle. Not that murder was anything new to the stage even in Euripidess’ time, but some may argue that even today, the play would have a PG-13 rating on it. The prologue of the play doesn’t go as far as to reveal the ending, but it speculates. The Nurse is acting as the narrator for the audience in the opening pages of the play. She tells the audience that Jason has decided to go to Corinth, thus breaking up his family. The Nurse goes on to reveal that this family is turning to turmoil. She talks about Medea â€Å"She hates her sons. / Takes no pleasure in their sight. / I dread to think / of what is hatching in her mind.† (Lines 46-49) The purpose for this scene is to set the play up to be a disaster. While not the most uplifting piece, Medea is one that is still thoroughly studied and widely known. For my performance of the prologue, I will use the facade of Cochrane hall. This space, while not a traditional theatrical venue, lends itself quite nicely to outdoor drama. The walkway leading up to the steps from North Maine street forms what could be a thrust stage. There is also a sidewalk that goes in front of the main steps to the building which can be used theatrically. The audience will stand on either side of the thrust on the grass and watch the action unfold. The steps to the building will be used for the chorus when they are saying lines. The language and structure of the text is difficult sometimes for the actors to memorize, but easier, I think, for the audience to understand than perhaps the Shakespeare text we worked with earlier in the semester. The translation that I’m using is the one that was provided to us in the...

Glossary of Holocaust Terms to Know

Glossary of Holocaust Terms to Know A tragic and important part of world history, it is important to understand what the  Holocaust  entailed, how it came to be and who were the major actors. When studying the Holocaust, one can come across numerous terms in many different languages as the Holocaust affected people from all sorts of backgrounds, be it German, Jewish, Roma and so on. This glossary lists slogans, code names, names of important people, dates, slang words and more to help you understand these terms in alphabetical order. A Words Aktion is a term used for any non-military campaign to further Nazi ideals of race, but most often referred to the assembly and deportation of Jews to concentration or death camps. Aktion Reinhard was the code name for the annihilation of European Jewry. It was named after Reinhard Heydrich. Aktion T-4 was the code name for the Nazis Euthanasia Program. The name was taken from the Reich Chancellery buildings address, Tiergarten Strasse 4. Aliya means  immigration in Hebrew. It refers to the Jewish immigration into Palestine and, later, Israel through official channels. Aliya Bet means  illegal immigration in Hebrew. This was the Jewish immigration into Palestine and Israel without official immigration certificates nor with British approval. During the Third Reich, Zionist movements set up organizations to plan and implement these flights from Europe, such as  Exodus 1947. Anschluss means  linkage in German. In the context of World War II, the word refers to the German annexation of Austria on March 13, 1938. Anti-semitism is a prejudice against Jews. Appell means  roll call in German. Within the camps, inmates were forced to stand at attention for hours at least twice a day while they were counted. This was always carried out no matter what the weather and often lasted for hours. It was also often accompanied by beatings and punishments. Appellplatz translates to  place for roll call in German. It was the location within the camps where the Appell was carried out. Arbeit Macht Frei is a phrase in German that means  work makes one free. A sign with this phrase on it was placed by Rudolf Hà ¶ss over the gates of Auschwitz. Asocial was one of the several categories of people targeted by the Nazi regime. People in this category included homosexuals, prostitutes, Gypsies (Roma)  and thieves. Auschwitz  was the largest and most infamous of the Nazis concentration camps. Located near Oswiecim, Poland, Auschwitz was divided into 3 main camps, at which an estimated 1.1 million people were murdered. B Words Babi Yar  is the event in which  the Germans killed all the Jews in Kiev on September 29 and 30, 1941. This was done in retaliation for the bombing of German administration buildings in occupied Kiev between September 24 and 28, 1941. During these tragic days, Kiev Jews, Gypsies (Roma) and Soviet prisoners of war were taken to the Babi Yar ravine and shot. An estimated 100,000 people were killed at this location. Blut und Boden is a German phrase that translates to  blood and soil. This was a phrase used by Hitler to mean that all people of German blood have the right and duty to live on German soil. Bormann, Martin  (June 17, 1900 - ?) was Adolf Hitlers personal secretary. Since he controlled access to Hitler, he was considered one of the most powerful men in the Third Reich. He liked to work behind the scenes and to stay out of the public spotlight, earning him the nicknames the Brown Eminence and the man in the shadows. Hitler viewed him as an absolute devotee, but Bormann had high ambitions and kept his rivals from having access to Hitler. While he was in the bunker during Hitlers last days, he left the bunker on May 1, 1945. His future fate has become one of the unsolved mysteries of this century. Hermann Gà ¶ring was his sworn enemy. Bunker is a  slang word for Jews hiding places within the ghettos. C Words Comite de Defense des Juifs is French for  Jewish Defense Committee. It was an underground movement in Belgium established in 1942. D Words Death March refers to the long, forced marches of concentration camp prisoners from one camp to another closer to Germany as the Red Army approached from the east in the last few months of World War II. Dolchstoss means  a stab in the back in German. A popular myth at the time claimed that the German military had not been defeated in World War I, but that the Germans had been stabbed in the back by Jews, socialists, and liberals who forced them to surrender. E Words Endlà ¶sung means Final Solution in German. This was the name of the Nazis program to kill every Jew in Europe. Ermchtigungsgesetz means  The Enabling Law in German. The Enabling Law was passed March 24, 1933, and allowed Hitler and his government to create new laws that did not have to agree with the German constitution. In essence, this law gave Hitler dictatorial powers. Eugenics is the social Darwinist principle of strengthening the qualities of a race by controlling inherited characteristics. The term was coined by Francis Galton in 1883. Eugenics experiments were done during the Nazi regime on people who were deemed life unworthy of life. Euthanasia Program was a Nazi-created program in 193 that was to secretly but systematically kill mentally and physically disabled people, including Germans, who were housed in institutions. The code name for this program was Aktion T-4. It is estimated that over 200,000 people were killed in the Nazi Euthanasia Program. G Words Genocide is the deliberate and systematic killing an entire people. Gentile is a  term referring to someone who is not Jewish. Gleichschaltung means  coordination in German and refers to the act of reorganizing all social, political and cultural organizations to be controlled and run according to Nazi ideology and policy. H Words Haavara was the transfer agreement between Jewish leaders from Palestine and the Nazis. Hftlingspersonalbogen refers to prisoner registration forms at the camps. Hess, Rudolf  (April 26, 1894 - August 17, 1987) was deputy to the Fà ¼hrer and successor-designate after Hermann Gà ¶ring. He played an important role in using geopolitics to gain land. He was also involved in the Anschluss of Austria and the administration of the Sudetenland. A devoted worshipper of Hitler, Hess flew to Scotland on May 10, 1940 (without the Fà ¼hrers approval) to a plea for Hitlers favor in an effort to make a peace agreement with Britain. Britain and Germany denounced him as crazy and sentenced to life imprisonment. The sole prisoner at Spandau after 1966, he was found in his cell, hung with an electric cord at age 93 in 1987. Himmler, Heinrich  (October 7, 1900 - May 21, 1945) was head of the SS, the Gestapo, and the German police. Under his direction, the SS grew into a massive so-called racially pure Nazi elite. He was in charge of the concentration camps and believed that the liquidation of the unhealthy and bad genes from society would help better and purify the Aryan race. In April 1945, he tried to negotiate a peace with the Allies, bypassing Hitler. For this, Hitler expelled him from the Nazi Party and from all offices he held. On May 21, 1945, he attempted to escape but was stopped and held by the British. After his identity was discovered, he swallowed a hidden cyanide pill that was noticed by an examining doctor. He died 12 minutes later. J Words Jude means  Jew in German, and this word often appeared on the Yellow Stars that Jews were forced to wear. Judenfrei means  free of Jews in German. It was a popular phrase under the Nazi regime. Judengelb means  Jewish yellow in German. It was a term for the yellow Star of David badge that Jews were ordered to wear. Judenrat, or  Judenrte in plural, means Jewish council in German. This term referred to a group of Jews who enacted the German laws in the ghettos. Juden raus! means  Jews out! in German. A dreaded phrase, it was shouted by the Nazis throughout the ghettos when they were trying to force Jews from their hiding places. Die Juden sind unser Unglà ¼ck! translates to  The Jews Are Our Misfortune in German. This phrase was often found in the Nazi-propaganda newspaper,  Der Stuermer. Judenrein means  cleansed of Jews in German. K Words Kapo  is a  position of leadership for a prisoner in one of the Nazi concentration camps, which entailed collaborating with the Nazis to help run the camp. Kommando were labor squads made up of camp prisoners. Kristallnacht, or  Night of Broken Glass, occurred on November 9 and 10, 1938. The Nazis initiated a pogrom against Jews in retaliation for the assassination of Ernst vom Rath. L Words Lagersystem was the system of camps that supported the death camps. Lebensraum means  living space in German. The Nazis believed that there should be areas attributed to only one race and that the Aryans needed more living space. This became one of the Nazis chief objectives and shaped their foreign policy; the Nazis believed they could gain more space by conquering and colonizing the East. Lebensunwertes Lebens means  life unworthy of life in German. This term derived from the work The Permission to Destroy Life Unworthy of Life (Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens) by Karl Binding and Alfred Hoche, published in 1920. This work was referring to the mentally and physically handicapped and regarded the killing of these segments of society as a healing treatment. This term and this work became a base for the right of the state to kill unwanted segments of the population. Lodz Ghetto  was  a ghetto established in Lodz, Poland   on February 8,  1940. The 230,000 Jews of Lodz were ordered into the ghetto. On May 1, 1940, the ghetto was sealed. Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, who had been appointed the Elder of the Jews, attempted to save the ghetto by making it a cheap and valuable industrial center to the Nazis. Deportations began in January 1942 and the ghetto was liquidated by August 1944. M Words Machtergreifung means  seizure of power in German. The term was used when referring to the Nazis seizure of power in 1933. Mein Kampf  is the two-volume book written by Adolf Hitler. The first volume was  written during his time in Landsberg Prison and published in July 1925. The book became a staple of Nazi culture during the Third Reich. Mengele, Josef  (March 16, 1911 - February 7, 1979?) was a Nazi doctor at Auschwitz who was notorious for his medical experiments on twins and dwarves. Muselmann  was a  slang term used in the Nazi concentration camps for a prisoner who had lost the will to live and was thus just one step from being dead. O Words Operation Barbarossa was the code name for the surprise German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, which broke the Soviet-Nazi Non-Aggression Pact and plunged the Soviet Union into World War II. Operation Harvest Festival was the code name for the liquidation and mass killings of the remaining Jews in the Lublin area that occurred on November 3, 1943. An estimated 42,000 people were shot while loud music was played to drown out the shootings. It was the last Aktion of Aktion Reinhard. Ordnungsdienst means  order service in German and refers to the ghetto police, which was made up of Jewish ghetto residents. To organize was camp slang for prisoners acquiring materials illicitly from the Nazis. Ostara was a  series of anti-Semitic pamphlets published by Lanz von Liebenfels between 1907 and 1910. Hitler bought these regularly and in 1909, Hitler sought out Lanz and asked for back copies. Oswiecim, Poland was the town where the Nazi death camp Auschwitz was built. P Words Porajmos  means  the Devouring in Romani. It was a term used by the Roma (Gypsies) for the Holocaust. Roma was among the victims of the Holocaust. S Words Sonderbehandlung, or  SB for short, means special treatment in German. It was a code word used for the methodical killing of Jews. T Words Thanatology is the science of producing death. This was the description given during the Nuremberg trials to the medical experiments performed during the Holocaust. V Words Vernichtungslager means  extermination camp or death camp in German. W Words White Paper was issued by Great Britain on May 17, 1939, to limit the immigration to Palestine to 15,000 persons a year. After 5 years, no Jewish immigration was permitted unless with Arab consent. Z Words Zentralstelle fà ¼r Jà ¼dische Auswanderung means  Central Office for Jewish Emigration in German. It was set up in Vienna on August 26, 1938 under Adolf Eichmann. Zyklon B  was the poison gas used to kill millions of people in the gas chambers.

Quantitative Methods Class discussion wk7 Coursework

Quantitative Methods Class discussion wk7 - Coursework Example It means there must be parameters of identifying effective model inputs and outputs to improve robustness for further research (Anderson, 2012). Third, sensitivity analysis would be helpful when presenting certainty and uncertainty prospects when interpreting headcount, linear programming, operating expenses, and future tax rates. Therefore, in regards to understanding how shadow price operates, it is integral to understand the function of monetary values in the calculation of costs. Calculation, thus, entails the determination of how marginal utility applies in the economics of constrained optimization. Additionally, seeking of optimal solution means that the shadow price must abide by the limited resources that are found in the production line when a business is operating above a given limit. In the same context, through the use of infinitesimal change and the Lagrange multiplier, dual variables are calculable because of cost decisions. Overall, shadow pricing focusses on the impact of monetary values of goods and services being sold at the optimal level in the

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African American Women - Essay Example Campbell (266) claims that slavery was terrible for men, but worse for the women of Black descendants. This is a potent and strong remark and a quote, which acts as an evidence concerning the suffering the African-women slaves had to endure. Slavery was an occurrence of psychological, emotional, physical, and mental rape that the African Women had to persevere. They were also tortured, and when it became unbearable, the African-American decided to take actions in order to eradicate the pain. In addition to taking care of their families and children, punishment and coerced labor, they were also sexually exploited. In fact, Terborg (78) v notes out that many of their punishments were sex overtones. To add to this, they were whipped by cow-skin that was plaited and assaulted using ebony brushes, including left to die after their ears and teeth were pulled out forcefully. The Black women’s leadership and activism during this time helped in the creation of a movement of Civil Rights in 20th century. Malcolm X and Martin King Jr, had already become the 1960’s and 1950’s icons. However, the grassroots and organizational activism and skills of women who were activists like Clark Septima , Baker Ella, Parks Rosa and Hamer Fannie helped propel the movement to inspiring more generation of new activists as well as led to its successes. There are other historical reasons for slow and painful rise of the African-American woman whose gender and race seems to keep her submissive. African women also had a risk of personal loss where they had a long tradition of human and civil rights activism. However, the tradition still lives on in examples and experiences of women like Walker Alice, Davis Angela, Norton Eleanor, and Edelman Marian (Terborg 78). These unsung hero of the civil rights movement like Baker Ella who helped in forming a

Fire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fire - Essay Example These aspects will include appropriation, crowding, privacy, territoriality, and personal space. A hospital setting needs to be spacious to allow patients to feel well accommodated and enhance visiting process by their friends and relatives. People in hospitals need personal space to feel at home. According to Sommer, personal space means an emotionally tinged zone around the human body that people feel they own it. The zone varies according to internal states, culture, and context (Sommer, 2002). There is need to design a cubical for each patient to give them enough personal space. In case of a fire originating form one of the cubicles, it is easier to contain it, control it, and put it off before it spreads to other cubicles. This is unlike a situation where many patients share same room. A territory is another aspect of human interaction with the environment. According to Griffon, territoriality is a pattern of behaviour or attitudes held by a person attempting to control a physical space by marking, personalisation, defence, or physical occupation (Brown, 2005). In a hospital setting, persons will tend to defend their territories for a period of time they will be in the hospital. It will vary by characters of person’s gender, and age. Therefore, designing places that people of differing characters can call their own when in the hospital will allow nurses to give them care in a convenient setup. However, it is necessary to take care not to put lockable doors on the cubicles. In case of fire, it is easy to remove curtains on the doors and evacuate patients through it other than breaking in if there was a door. Every human being needs privacy, which include access to self and one’s group. In a hospital setting, patients, nurses, and visitors need privacy as they attend to each other. Nurses need a quiet workplace with social places where they can connect to each other outside work. Additionally,

Milk Products Essay Example for Free

Milk Products Essay There has been an increase in income of milk and gradually development have broadened the knowledge of consumers. They have now became choosy resulting in monitoring needs, identifying opportunities and create value. It is the market place not the factory that ultimately determines which company will succeed. Marketing is practiced not only by manufacturing concern their channel members but all kinds of individuals and organization. No politician can get the required votes to win and no â€Å"resort† the needed tourist to flourish without developing and carrying out the sound marketing plans. Authentic market practice is not the art of selling what you make so much as knowing what to make. It is the art of identifying and understanding customer’s needs and coming up with solution that satisfy them and produces riches for firm’s profitability. As we all know, future is always uncertain. More precisely when there is volley of brilliant competitors and each wants to be the market leader. So in the light of intense competition satisfaction through product innovation maintaining the standard quality therein, failing which no amount or deal of promotional measure or scheme can compensate at length. Competitive forces have compelled the companies to focus on specific segment of the market with frequent product innovation and rather new products and launching thereof with greater confidence. The present study gives special emphasis on the Financial Trend Analysis Of Parag Dairy. The entire study has been divided into chapters and further subdivided into segments from each dealing with a separate aspect in a simple and lucid style and clarification has been given top priority throughout the project. CHAPTER 1 ABOUT LUCKNOW PRODUCER’S CO OPERATIVE MILK UNION LTD. Sections-1. 1: INTRODUCTION. Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh . Total area of district is 2528 square km 91588 hactare is cultivated land . Lucknow producer’s cooperative milk union ltd. (Parag dairy lucknow) was established in 1938. Lucknow milk is the first cooperative dairy established in India . Very few people know the fact the process developed by Lucknow Milk Union was later used in spirit in Gujrat co operative milk movement and is now famous as â€Å"anand pattern† . Lucknow milk union was then chosen as one of the model dairy to Implement operation flood programme started by national dairy development board (NDDB)in 1970. The aim of Lucknow milk union is to provide reasonable price to farmer thereby defending them from exploitation of milk vendors and earn supplementary income part from agriculture . On the other hand the milk union supplies high quality pure milk and milk products at reasonable prices to urban consumer under the brand name â€Å"parag†. The milk union has been running â€Å"clean milk mand breed conservation programmes† UPDASP where milk producer have been educated in producing and supplying milk under clean and hygienic condition and provided the producer with semen of pure Indian breed for the improvement of the present breed of animal. Lucknow milk union is established Auto milk collection unit (AMCU) in societies for giving transparent payment system for milk given by farmer. By the established of these machine farmer are getting full price and actual detail of fat and snf of their milk . presently AMCU are running successfully in 259 societies 27 bulk milk coolers are established in various rural area of lucknow for keeping high quality of milk procured in those area by milk societies Lucknow milk union has set up of teams for quality check and health awareness programme for the urban consumer of milk. The team visit different localities in city, test their milk and provide on the spot results to the consumer . the milk union also organize school children’s visit to its dairy plant to create awareness on milk procrssing and other related system amongst them. The milk union has obtained ISO and HACCP certification in year 2007. For coming months lucknow milk union has commited itself to provide a minimum of 160000 liters of high qualities â€Å"parag† milk per day to the urban consumers. Apart from selling milk in pouches, the milk union is also gearing itself to provide fresh loose milk to the city consumers. Towards this end, the milk supply vehicles insulated with Japanese eco- friendly standards have already been introduced in various area of the city. 87 all time milk booth(ATM) are established for supply of high quality milk to the consumers round the clock. Lucknow milk union is able to maintain high quality standards in its milk and milk products through close monitoring of processes in all its stages of production, processing and packaging. The constant increase in the sales figure of the milk union are a reflection of their sincere efforts and the growing confidence of the consumers in parag milk products. The organization has a chain of around 2000 agent providing employment to the unemployed youths door to door milk delivery system through mini insulated tanker thru commission agent with attractive commission rates has been started in the city . the requirement for this system is to have a mini insulated tanker for which one has to arrange finance upto rs 50000/- himself and rest amount comes through bank finance. The new milk products launched by the milk union such as chhena kheer, besan laddoo, and chhachh, gulabjamun etc have begin tickling the taste buds of the consumers giving them great pleasure and value for money. INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY World’s largest food factory, in celebration India Dairy. com invites you to world’s highest milk producers. And all set to find out more about their achievements. Here you can find about answer to every question about dairy. Be it investors, researchers, entrepreneurs or the merely curious Indian dairy. It has something for everyone. Today India is ‘The Oyster’ of the Global dairy industry. It offers opportunities galore to entrepreneurs Worldwide, who wish to capitalize on one of the world’s largest and fastest growing market for milk and milk products. A bagful of â€Å"pearls† awaits the international dairy processor in India . The Indian dairy industry is rapidly growing , trying to keep pace with the galloping progress around the world .As he expands his overseas operations to India , many profitable options awaits him. He may transfer technology, sign joint ventures or use India as a sourcing center for regional exports. The liberalization of Indian economy beckons to MNC’s and foreign investors alike . India has one of the largest livestock population in the world. Fifty percent of the buffaloes and twenty percent of the cattle in the world are found in India, most of which are milk cows and buffaloes. Dairy development in India has been acknowledged the world over as one of modern India’s most successful developmental programme. Today, India is the largest milk producing country in the world. Milk and milk products is rated as one of the most promising sectors which deserves appreciation in a big way. When the world milk production registered a negative growth of 2 percent, India performed much better with 4 percent growth. The total milk production is over 72 million tones and the demand for milk is estimated at around 80 million tonnes. By 2005, the value of Indian dairy produce is expected to be Rs. 1,000,000 million. In the last six years foreign investment in this sector stood at Rs. 3600 million which is about oneforth of the total investment made in this sector. Manufacture of casein and lactose, largely being imported presently, has good scope. Exports of milk products have been decanalised. The milk surplus states in India are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The manufacturing of milk products is concentrated in these milk surplus States. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector The production of milk products i. e. milk products including infant milk food, malted food, condensed milk cheese stood at 3. 07 lakh tonnes in 1999-2000. Production of milk-powder including infant milk-food had risen to 2. 25 lakh tons in 1999-2000, whereas that of malted food is at 65000 tons. The trends in production of milk products in India is given in Annexure 1. Cheese and condensed milk production stands at 5000 and 11000 tonnes respectively. Some plants are coming-up for producing lactose, casein and improved cheese varieties. Livestock Population India is rich in its livestock wealth. It accounts for nearly 15. 8% of the world cattle population, more than half of the world buffalo population. As per FAO production year book 1998, the population of cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats in the world and in India is given in Annexure 2. As per the 1992 livestock census of Ministry of Agriculture, highest cattle population was reported in Madhya Pradesh(28. 68 million nos. ) followed by Uttar Pradesh (25. 63 million nos. ) Bihar (22. 15 million nos. ) Maharashtra (17. 44 million nos. ) and West Bengal (17. 45 million nos. ). According to livestock census the highest population of buffaloes is reported in U. P. (20. 08 million nos. ) followed by A. P. (9. 15 million nos. ), M. P. (7. 97 million nos. ) and Rajasthan (7. 74 million nos). Production of Milk and Milk Products. The milk production was almost stagnant between 1947 to 1970 with an annual growth rate of merely one percent Livestock accounts for nearly 15. 8% of the world cattle population, more than half of the world buffalo population. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector which has since registered a vigorous growth of over 4. 5% per annum after the year 1970. The production of milk in India has been increasing steadily as shown in Annexure 3. The major milk producing states are UP, Punjab, Rajasthan, M. P, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Number of milk products manufacturing Plants have come up in these states for Processing of milk. Present Status The Five Year Plan, achieving an annual output of over 60 million tonnes of milk. This not only places our industry second in the world after the United States, but represents sustained growth in real availability of milk and milk products for our burgeoning population. Most important, dairying has become an important secondary source of income for millions of rural families. Improved genetic material achieved primarily through cross breeding of cattle and upgrading of the national buffalo herd has played a significant role in increasing the productivity. Gradual extension of improved husbandry practices; increase in consumption of balanced concentrates made possible, in part, through innovations in the field of nutrition; expanded area under fodder; greater access to veterinary care; and advances in the fight against endemic and epidemic cattle diseases have also contributed to increased production and productivity. About three quarters of the milk produced is consumed at the household level. Of the milk supplied to the market, about 9-11 percent is processed in over 275 dairy plants and Dairying has become an important secondary source of millions of rural families. 6 Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector 83 milk product factories operated by cooperative, private dairy processors, and government milk schemes in the oroganized sector. Milk channeled through Operation Flood cooperatives is generally processed in dairy plants located in the rural areas and then transported into cities and towns. Operation Flood Milk productions account for about 1 0% of total milk production or 40% of the marketed output. The balance (about 90% of total production) is handled by the private traders and processors. About 45% of milk production is consumed as fluid milk. About 35% is processed into butter or ghee; about 7% is processed into Paneer (cottage cheese) and other cheeses, about 4% is converted into milk powder; and the balance is used for other products such as Dahi (yoghurt) and sweet meats. In recent years, there has been an increasing ice cream production as foreign companies have invested in India. Industry Segments: 1. Cheese The organised cheese market including its variants like processed cheese, cheese spreads, mozzarella, flavoured and spiced cheese, is placed at around Rs 3 bn. Processed cheese at 50% of the overall market is Rs. 1. 5 bn strong. The next most popular variant is cheese spread claiming a share of around 30% of the total cheese market. The market is primarily an urban phenomenon and is know to be growing at around 15%. The market for cheese cubes slices and tins is growing. The flavoured cheese segment has been declining. About 45% of milk production is consumed as fluid milk. About 35% is processed into butter o r or ghee is processed into paneer(cottage cheese) and other cheeses, about 4% is converted into milk powder; and the balance is used for other products such as Dahi (yoghurt) and sweet meats. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector 7 operator in the branded cheese market in India with about 60% market share in the branded market. It pioneered the market for processed, branded cheese. What GCMMF did was to develop the technology to make cheese from buffalo milk. World over it is made from cow milk. Annexure 4 gives the market size of cheese in India. Other cheese manufacturers are : Britannia Industries, Dynamix Dairy Industries (DDI), Hiranandani, ETA and Metro. 2. Ice Cream The ice cream market in India is estimated to have reached the level of Rs. 10 bn per annum, of which the organized sector is about Rs. 6 bn. The unorganised market has been shrinking. The per capita ice cream consumption in the country is extremely low at 250 ml per year compared with that of the US, which is about 22 litre. The organised market for ice creams of about 60 mn litres,has been growing at around 15% per annum. The ice cream industry has, in a short span of time, undergone a structural transformation. Annexure 5 (a) and 5 (b) shows the growth of market size of Ice Cream in India and the market structure of this segment respectively. 3. Chocolates The Chocolates market is estimated at 35,000 tonnes valued at approximately Rs. 8. 0 bn. The chocolate counter market is worth nearly Rs. 2. 5 to 3. 5 bn and the rest is made up of chocolate bars. Chocolates in fact make up less than a fourth of the sweet-tooth products including sugar boiled confectionery mints and chewing gums. Sugar confectionery is by far the largest segment with a share market growth rates indicate that the cheese market in India is growing steadily. The organised market for ice creams of about 60 mn litres has been growing at around 15% per annum. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector exceeding 60%. Annexure 6 (a) and 6 (b) gives the market size are structure of chocolate market in India. 4. Dairy Whiteners The organised dairy industry processes an estimated 15% of the total milk output in India. The industry has maintained a high growth profile, especially in the wake of the Operation Flood, colloquially also termed as White Revolution, initiated in early 1980s. Today India produces over 80 mn tonnes of milk annually. In terms of value, the total milk economy is estimated at Rs. 1200 bn. The market for dairy whiteners (commercially know as beverage milk powders and condensed milk) and creamers is around Rs. 2,750 mn. The growth of market size of dairy whiteners in the last 10 years is given in Annexure 7 (a) and 7 (b). Apart from MNCs like Nestle and companies like Britannia, the Indian enterprises have also made perceptible progress. Names like Amul, Sapan, Vijaya, Mohan, Parag and several others have been seen in the marketplace with their whiteners. Aseptically packed creamer in miniportions is widely used in the west, but has yet to enter the Indian market. Aseptically packed creamer involves techniques to impart a longer shelf life to the product. It is packed in small cups ready to be poured into a cup of tea or coffee. Creamer is fresh milk with increased fat content (upto 12%) and is aseptically packed after undergoing Ultra Heat Treatment (UHT) at 140oC. Its introduction will affect the existing whitener market as a natural milk product with a longer shelf life. The organised dairy industry processes an estimated 15 % of the total milk output in India. The industry has maintained a high growth profile, especially in the wake of the Operation Flood, col loquial ly also termed as White Revolution , initiated nearly 1980s. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector The potential for exports; especially to neighbouring countries and the countries in the Middle east, the Gulf and Africa, also exist and could be exploited. 5. Baby Foods Conventionally, foods (solids, semi-solids and liquids)badministered to babies of upto two years of age are classified as baby foods. In some cases, however, baby foods are continued to be given to children older than of two years depending on socio-economic, health-related and geosocietal conventions. The concept of packaged baby foods is relatively recent in India. The traditional homemade foods have dominated this sector until the induction of packaged foods mostly from multinational companies. Baby foods have assumed special significance in the recent years because of greater awareness of hygiene and health and constraints on time of busy mothers. A reliable, healthy, convenient and readyto-use baby food is the requirement of the day. India is catching up with the rest of the developed world in this area rater fast. A comparison of growth rates over the last 10 years shows that these has been a steady rise of market size. Annexure 8 (a) and 8 (b) gives the market size and the market structure of baby foods in India. The packaged food products for babies are broadly classified into a) cereal-based such as Nestum; b) cereal-based with milk such as Farex, Cerelax, c) milk-based such as Lactogen, d) ready-to-feed liquids, and e) rusks and biscuits. Infant milk foods constitute the most significant segment. The potential for exports;especially to neighbouring countries and the countries in the Middle east, the Gulf and Africa, exist and could be exploited. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector. 6. Biscuits and Bakery Products The Indian bakery industry is dominated by the small-scale sector with an estimated 50,000 small and medium-size producers, besides the 15 units in the organised sector. Apart from the nature of the industry which gravitates to the markets and caters to the local tastes, the industry is widely dispersed. The two major bakery products, biscuits and bread, account for 82% of all bakery production. The unorganised sector accounts for about two-thirds of the total biscuits production estimated at 1. 3 mn tonnes. It also accounts for 80% of the total bread production which is estimated at 1. 5 mn tonnes and around 90% of the other bakery products estimated at 0. 6 mn tonnes. The last includes pastries, cakes, buns, rusks and others. Annexure 9 (a) and 9 (b) gives the growth of market size of biscuits over the last ten years. Biscuit is estimated to enjoy around 37% share by volume and 75% by value of the bakery industry. The organized sector caters to the medium and premium segments, which are relatively less price-sensitive. The organised sector is unable to compete at the lower price range due to the excise advantage enjoyed by the informal sector. The organised segment in biscuits has witnessed a steady growth of about 6%, conforming broadly to the growth rate of GDP. The production crossed the one-million tone mark in 1995-96 which has now grown by estimated 30%. The size of the bread market is estimated at Rs. 13 bn. There are a number of producers in both sectors, organised and unorganised. From a low priced commodity, bread has The two major bakery products , biscuits and bread, account for 82% of all bakery production. Biscuit is estimated to enjoy around 37% share by volume and 75% by value of the bakery industry. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector graduated into a branded product with discriminating prices. 7. Confectionery The Indian confectionery market includes sugar boiled confectionery, hard-boiled candies, toffees and other sugarbased candies. In 2000, sugar boiled confectionery had penetrated an estimated 15% of the households only, suggesting a large potential for growth. There are about 5,000 units catering to the local markets. The total volume of the sugar boiled confectionery market in the organised sector (comprising plain / hard-boiled candies, toffees, eclairs and gums) is around 125,000 tonnes. Add to this the unorganized sector and the market for all types of confectionery is of the order of 250,000 tpa. That translates into 66% market share of the unorganized sector by volume. In value terms it is less than 50%. The sector’s expansion at a rate of 25% in 1998 had dropped to 17% in 1999 and registered a negative growth of 2% in 2000. In the long run it is slated to grow at 8 to 10% annually. The growth in the size of the confectionery market is gives as Annexure 10 (a). The total volume of the sugar boiled confectionery market in the organised sector is around 125,000 tonnes. Add to this the norganized sector and the market for all types of confectionery is of the order of 250,000 tpa. Exports: Export of certain milk products like milk powder, ghee and butter was canalised uptil 1993. With the objective of promoting exports of milk products, the Govt. have dechannelised the export of these milk products with effect from mid 1993. According to the EXIM Policy for 1997- 2002, the policy for export of these milk products is as under: Powder milk (skimmed or full Cream) whole and infant milk food, pure milk Ghee and Butter, except when exported as branded products in consumer packs, not exceeding 5 kgs in weight, will be exempted from the following conditions : 1) Quantitative i ceiling as may be notified by the DGFT from time to time. 2) registration-cum-allocation certificate issued by agricultural and processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA). The Director General of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce vide Public Notice No. 48/RE-98/1997-2002 dated 13th October, 1998 have removed the quantitative ceiling for export of powder milk and ghee and their export is now freely allowed. However, butter, if exported in packaging exceeding 5 kg. in weight, continues to be under the quantitative ceilings. Products for exports Skimmed Milk Powder, Whole Milk Powder, Ghee, Butter, Cheese, Condensed Milk, Casein etc. are some of the milk products being exported from India. With the objective of promoting exports of milk products, the Govt. have dechannelised the export of these milk products with effect from mid 1993. The export figures of dairy products during the last five years are given in Annexure 11. Major Destinations- UAE (43%), Nepal (19%), Bangladesh(12%) Future Markets South East Asia, Russia and Africa will be the emerging market for Indian dairy products. In the immediate future, there is prospect of an additional demand of over 3 million tonnes of milk products in the ASEAN region alone. The EU dairy exports will become limited by GATT agreements, while Australia-New Zealand do not have adequate production capacity. Equally significant is the rise of Russia as the world’s biggest dairy importer. Although by far the biggest milk producer in Europe, the Russian output has declined by more than 25 percent in the past five years. The shortfall in milk production is estimated to be 13 million tonnes a year. These major deficits in milk availability offer an opportunity for India to fill this vacuum and to become leading dairy exporting nations. Potential for value added products Ethnic Indian dairy products like Sweets Shreekhand, Rusgulla, Khoya and Ready-to-Eat-Kheer, Haluwa, etc. have good demand in the countries where ethnic Indian population is settled. For promotion of these products, we require export worthy consumer packing, which also improves the shelf-life of the product. South East Asia, Russia and Africa will be the emerging market for Indian dairy products. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector APEDA has initiated following steps to increase export of dairy products: Standards have been laid down for export of dairy products APEDA is offering subsidies for implementation of HACCP and ISO 9000, installation and upgradation of laboratories and market promotion through sending of samples, printing of catalogue brochures and brand publicity through advertisement etc. under it’s plan scheme. Export market development will depend on ensuring the quality. This will require that exporters ensure quality from the milk animals to the port and beyond. To build the quality, mechanized dairy fanning requires encouragement with export oriented processing facilities. Manufacturing units linked by contract with large scale producers, can ensure of quality raw material necessary to enter and maintain the position in the international market. It is the cow milk which is recognized in the international market. Since India is producing more of buffaloe milk, there is a need for generic promotion of buffaloe milk. Many countries in the world do not import milk products from India since India is reporting many livestock diseases particularly FMD. Efforts are, therefore, needed to control and eradicate FMD at least in major milk producing States. Creation of chilling facilities at block level village level and transportation of liquid milk to processing units in reefer units . NATIONAL DAIRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD (NDDB) The National Dairy Development Board was created to promote, finance and support to the following: 1- Producer owned and controlled organizations. NDDB’s programmes and activities. 2- Seek to strengthen farmer to support national policies that are favorable. 3- To the growth of such institutions. Fundamental to NDDB’s efforts are co-operative principles and the Anand Pattern Co-operatives of Cooperation. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was founded to replace exploitation with empowerment, tradition with modernity, stagnation with growth, transforming dairying into an instrument for the development of India’s rural people. Policies in Milk Milk Products Milk and Milk Products Order (MMPO) regulates milk and milk products production in the country. The order requires no permission for units handling less than 10,000 litres of liquid milk per day or milk solids upto 500 tpa. Mi lk and Milk Products Order (MMPO) regulates mi lk and mi lk products production in the country. A l l t h e m i l k p r o d u c t s except malted foods are covered in the category o f i n d u s t r i e s f o r wh i c h f o r e i g n e q u i t y participation upto 51% is automatically allowed. 1 8 Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector All the milk products except malted foods are covered in the category of industries for which foreign equity participation upto 51% is automatically allowed. Icecream, which was earlier reserved for manufacturing in the small scale sector, has now been dereserved. As such, no license is required for setting up of large scale production facilities for manufacture of ice cream. Subsequent to dechannelisation exports of some milk based products are freely allowed provided these units comply with the compulsory inspection requirements of concerned agencies like: National Dairy Development Board, Export Inspection Council etc. Bureau of Indian standards has prescribed the necessary standards for almost all milk based products, which are to be adhered to by the industry. Regulatory Environment in the Dairy Processing Sector in India The Indian processed dairy industry has grown and diversified enormously in the last few years. To ensure the proper development and growth of this industrial sector, the Government of India has instituted various laws and regulations. The various regulations that govern the dairy processing industry can broadly be classified into: Compulsory Legislation Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 This Act is the basic statute that is intended to protect the common consumer against the supply of adulterated food. This specifies different standards for various food articles. The standards are in terms of minimum quality levelsTechnology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector 1 9 intended for ensuring safety in the consumption of these food items and for safeguarding against harmful impurities and adulteration. The Central Committee for Food Standards, under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, is responsible for the operation of this Act. The provisions of the Act are mandatory and contravention of the rules can lead to both fines and imprisonment. Milk and Milk Product Order (MMPO). 1992 The Milk and Milk Product Order (MMPO), 1992, issued on June 9, 1992 seeks to ensure the supply of liquid milk, an essential commodity, to consumers by regulating its processing and distribution. Within eight years of its operation, the Central/State Registering Authorities have till December 2000 registered 666 units with a total processing capacity of 65. 8 million litres per day (mlpd). Salient Features of the MMPO Order include the following: – Registrations for units handling up to 75,000 litres of milk per day are granted by the State Governments and units with more than 75,000 litres per day capacity are registered by the Central Registering Authority. – The Certificate also specifies the milkshed area, which, under the order is defined as a geographical area demarcated by the Registering Authority for the collection of milk by the registered unit. – Maintenance of specified hygienic conditions in the premises where milk and milk products are handled, processed, manufactured or stored. 2 0 Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector The collection, transportation and processing of milk normally centres around the operations of a processing plant. The region from which the marketable surplus of milk production finds its way to a processing plant is called.