Coco Cola Essay Example

Coco Cola Essay It additionally characterized as the associations or people have comparable highlights make the surprising assurance in equines technique (Fay Jobber, 2012). There are a few advantages for make the market division for Coca-Cola Company. It improves the chances of development and the productivity. The Coca-Cola organization presented another result Of natural product flavor to expand the buyer bunches towards youthful age and consolidated low calorie to meet the solid populace. The market division additionally improved the clients maintenance and make correspondences progressively viable. The new item give clients more choice and the clients input can enable the organization to get more correspondence with various gatherings of client. All the advantageous of market division is for better coordinating the right gathering and fulfilled their needs (Stardom, 2004). The new items is for the most part towards the carbine soda pops and making market segmental procedures can grow or change the market direction, for instance, Coca-Cola Company used to create the cherry flavor delicate tiny, notwithstanding, the new item increment more natural product flavor and lessening the calories substance in it. In this way, the market position and technique has change towards youthful and solid age. Market needs The Market needs includes what clients need as opposed to the contenders ND what the item can profited for themselves in the commercial center (Wellington, 2010). The new result of Coca-Cola makes new brand estimation of this organization. The brand esteem alludes to the extra qualities or administration added to the items to make the new items specific. The new Coca-Cola item makes low calories and different flavors make more utilization gatherings (Fay Jobber, 2012). We will compose a custom exposition test on Coco Cola explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Coco Cola explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Coco Cola explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The new item towards youthful age, who lean toward natural product flavor and give them more decision as opposed to the main cherry in Coca-Cola sodas. The new item likewise contains almost zero calories to assist solid gatherings with keeping fit. They can utilize the items as diet drinks. As indicated by the examination, 63% of the clients intend to arrange the Coca-Cola items during the Christmas occasion and 61% of the designated clients might want to devour the Coca-Cola items in bar (Coca-Cola, 2014). Division potential The showcasing capability of an item requires exploration and promoting preparing and lead to a significant piece of fruitful business methodology. Through breaking down of market potential can enable the organization to settle on choice of climate the items needs to contribute. So before propelling the new market of the new item, the organization ought to do many examination of likely rakes in K. As indicated by the exploration, there are 1. 7 billion of Coca-Cola are sold each day. The image underneath shows the substance of caffeine in various beverages, it represents the Coca-Cola isn't the most noteworthy calories sodas in numerous brands. So the clients patterns to choose the Coca-Cola items and the new item give more determination of various buyer gatherings. Investigation of current and potential contenders The Porters five powers portray the five dangers for another item propelling the market. The Current contender relates to the contention among existing contenders. The Coca-Cola Company has many existing contenders, similar to Pepsi, red bull. Contrasted with these organizations, the Coca-Cola have numerous upper hands.

Immersive in Multimedia

Vivid MULTIMEDIA Introduction to Immersive Multimedia The historical backdrop of Immersive Multimedia started with the idea of Virtual Reality. In the late 1960s, the craving of PC researchers and craftsmen was to make, carefully made ‘near-to-reality’ encounters through Interactive Multimedia. This got known as Virtual Reality. Augmented Reality, today, is a PC made condition that a client can understanding through the faculties of sight, hearing and contact. Vivid Multimedia is a mix of sight and sound components and intuitiveness in Virtual Reality. Vivid allude to omputer created reenactment of reality with physical, spatial and visual measurement. This intuitive innovation is utilized by architechs, science and designing exploration and human expressions, amusement, and computer games industry. Augmented Reality framework can recreate everythings from stroll through of a structure preceding development to reenactments of airplane flight and three measurement PC game s. Vivid innovations and augmented reality are ground-breaking and convincing PC application by which people can associate and interface with PC produced condition in a manner that imics genuine sense commitment. As 3D and vivid innovation turns out to be progressively coordinated and accessible for a wide scope of use. It require very much planned UIs and imaginative substance for the up and coming age of PC games and incorporated innovation like cell phones conveyed web frameworks and work area application. Case Of Immersive Multimedia Education Business Entertainment IMMERSIVE MUTIMEDIA IN ENTERTAINMENT Example Of Immersive Multimedia in Entertainment Virtual Football Virtual Gliders Aircraft Virtual Games Counter Strike Virtual Games Recipe 1 Virtual Games Adventure Kayak Games Virtual Truck Games VR has a great deal of positive advantages. It offers incapacitated individuals the chance to participate in exercises not generally accessible to them. In virtual universes, individuals in wheelchairs, for instance, can have an opportunity of development that they don't have in reality. Right now not many individuals can bear to purchase a VR framework. However, as the innovation progresses, lightweight head protectors and all the more impressive PCs will take VR into standard homes. Augmented reality has significant uses in a wide range of engineering and mechanical structure. PC Aided Design, or CAD, has been a significant plan apparatus since the mid 1970s, since it permits the client to draw three-dimensional pictures on a PC screen. Be that as it may, except if you have a VR protective cap and glove to extend the pictures on to, you won't be inundated in your virtual world. 3D Viewing 3D seeing empower clients to see the screen in 3D structure and genuine. This Make the media progressively Attractive to clients. For instance a clients will felt the film like occur on this encompassing on the off chance that he see on a 3D screen. Computer generated reality created out of the specialized network, rom a dream of what was in fact conceivable and from the prerequisites of certain actually requesting applications. Obviously, a portion of the makers had dreams of uses a long ways past the necessities of their financing sources, however for the most part the network has investigated augmented reality as a human-PC interface innovation. REFERENCE ?http://libra ry. thinkquest. organization/26890/virtualrealityt. htm ?http://liquidnarrative. csc. ncsu. edu/classes/csc582/papers/vrae. pdf ?http://pictures. google. com. my/pictures? hl=en&source=hp&q=virtual+reality&btnG=Search+Images&gbv =2&aq=2&oq=VIRTUAL

Books the Obamas Should Write

Books the Obamas Should Write As the departure of the United States 44th President draws year, many of us lament. From Baracks dad jeans and Thanksgiving puns to Michelles dynamite gowns and inspiring arms, the first black First Family will be sorely missed.  But let us not despair of what we lose, but rejoice in what we could gain! With a sudden wealth of free time, think of the books the Obamas  could write. Seriously. Think about them: The Audacity of Nope: Dealing with an Obstructionist Congress  by Barack Obama My Anger Translator and Me: True Confessions of Keeping My Composure  by Barack Obama I Look Pretty Good Now, Dont I: A Memoir by Barack Obama Confirm My F***ing Nominees by Barack Obama (narrated by Samuel L. Jackson) The High Road  by Michelle Obama Still Hoopin: Barrys Guide to Dunkin on Trump  by Barack Obama A House Built By Slaves: The History of Slavery and Our Nations Capital  by Michelle Obama A History of Kenya by Barack Obama (With the dedication: For Donald) First Closet, a photograph book  by Michelle Obama, with essays from fashion experts and Michelle herself Barry and Joe: The Worlds Best Buddies, a picture book by Barack Obama  and Joe Biden Who Run The World by Michelle Obama (intro by Beyonce) Kids in the Oval: Photos of My Favorite Constituents by Barack Obama Thanks, Obama! by  Sasha and Malia Obama

Books the Obamas Should Write

Books the Obamas Should Write As the departure of the United States 44th President draws year, many of us lament. From Baracks dad jeans and Thanksgiving puns to Michelles dynamite gowns and inspiring arms, the first black First Family will be sorely missed.  But let us not despair of what we lose, but rejoice in what we could gain! With a sudden wealth of free time, think of the books the Obamas  could write. Seriously. Think about them: The Audacity of Nope: Dealing with an Obstructionist Congress  by Barack Obama My Anger Translator and Me: True Confessions of Keeping My Composure  by Barack Obama I Look Pretty Good Now, Dont I: A Memoir by Barack Obama Confirm My F***ing Nominees by Barack Obama (narrated by Samuel L. Jackson) The High Road  by Michelle Obama Still Hoopin: Barrys Guide to Dunkin on Trump  by Barack Obama A House Built By Slaves: The History of Slavery and Our Nations Capital  by Michelle Obama A History of Kenya by Barack Obama (With the dedication: For Donald) First Closet, a photograph book  by Michelle Obama, with essays from fashion experts and Michelle herself Barry and Joe: The Worlds Best Buddies, a picture book by Barack Obama  and Joe Biden Who Run The World by Michelle Obama (intro by Beyonce) Kids in the Oval: Photos of My Favorite Constituents by Barack Obama Thanks, Obama! by  Sasha and Malia Obama

The Effects Of Insanity In The Story Of Hamlet - 1435 Words

Insanity is the state of being mentally ill and not in the common state of mind. During the story of Hamlet insanity is a major factor to many situations. Hamlet showed many of signs of being insane, which also led to the death of others. Many ask, was â€Å"Hamlets insanity real or fake† and if so how did it affect the story in the ways it did. Many also wonder the signs that he shows to be insane and did his sickness cause others to lose the mental state of mind. In the story of Hamlet the actions of others play into the decisions of others and make their actions rash and harsh. The cause of insanity led to the actions of Hamlet and Laertes and how they both handled the death of their fathers in different matters. Through the story of†¦show more content†¦Gertrude, Hamlets own mother has come to think Hamlet has gone mad â€Å" O Hamlet, speak no more! Thou turn’st my eyes into my very soul, and there I see such black and grained spots As will not leave thei r tinct.† This comes from Hamlet telling her he sees his father and telling him to keep his mother from sleeping with the king. As Hamlets mother responds â€Å"Alas, he’s mad.† She does not think Hamlet knows right from wrong anymore and has lost his mind. Insanity does not only take an effect on Hamlet but on others as well. The daughter of Polonius, Ophelia the girl in love with Hamlet. Hamlet and Ophelia wanted each other, her father and her brother kept it from happening. Polonius was the father of Ophelia and Polonius, he and Polonius thought Hamlet only wanted his daughter to have sex with her. From Hamlet and Ophelia not allowed to show their love for on another, this drove her mad. Due to the death of their father, Laertes is set on getting his revenge on Hamlet for the death of his father. The actions of Hamlet and Laertes take to avenge their father was different in many ways. In the final scene, he kills Hamlet with a poisoned sword to avenge the de aths of his father and sister, for which he blamed Hamlet. While dying of the same poison, he implicates King Claudius. â€Å"And so have I a noble father lost; a sister driven into desperate terms, whose worth, if praises may go back again, Stood challenger on mount of all the age for her perfections; but myShow MoreRelatedHamlet and the Yellow Wallpaper1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nature of Insanity in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"Hamlet† There are many different events in a person’s life that could lead them to insanity. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† you are dealing with a woman who is a victim of male over-protectiveness and isolation that eventually leads to her insanity. In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet† you are dealing with a man who has to deal with his father’s death and rejection from the love of his life that eventually leads himRead MoreThe Insanity Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Insanity in Hamlet Insanity, a theme explored by multiple authors in countless classic selections, has instilled itself as one of the darkest and interesting themes in the literary world. In Shakespeare’s legendary Hamlet, the audience questions the sanity of Hamlet and Ophelia constantly, as well as that of the other characters. As the story progresses, this becomes more and more relevant, bringing the reader to consider the causes and effects of the characters’ mental states on the resolutionRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1174 Words   |  5 Pages42nd Vice-President of the United States). The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, written by William Shakespeare, is a classic piece of literature in which the characters’ actions alone contribute to one’s understanding of the entire story. One such character is known as the fair Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover. Ophelia is naive, malleable, and muddled. Throughout the play, Ophelia is seen as an oblivious maiden who is just another role in the story. However, as the play progresses, the audience begins toRead MoreTheme of Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesThe desires of Hamlet, Laertes, and young Fortinbras each exhibit how the plot of Hamlet, by William Shakespeare revolves entirely around revenge. The theme of revenge starts off very early in the play, when Hamlet speaks with the ghost of his deceased father. When the ghost tells Hamlet how Claudius murdered him, Hamlet is infuriated and overtaken with feelings of responsibility to right the wrong that has been done; to murder Claudius. The effects of this experience on Hamlet are portrayed clearlyRead MoreHamlet As A Nihilism1566 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare s Hamlet portrays as multitude of ideas, meanings and interpretations. In this essay, I will focus on analyzing Hamlet through the post-modern existential lens of nihilism. Nihilism has five main types; political, moral, epistemological, cosmic, and existential. Throughout the course of the play, Hamlet shows many characteristics that showcase these principles , such as apathy and despair. Hamlet is a nihilist character because through his actions of mania and despair heRead MoreHamlet Comparison Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeares play titled Hamlet, Lies, deception, and foul play are all encompassed into an iconic tale of revenge. The tragedy takes place in Denmark, following the death of Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet. Shortly after his death, King Hamlet’s brother Claudius marries, the Queen, who is prince Hamlet’s mother. The ghost of the dead king later shows himself to Hamlet in order to reveal that he was actually murdered by his own brother Claudius. After the ghost instructs Hamlet to avenge his death, heRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet : Relationship Between Passion And Reason1472 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare the relationship between passion and reason plays an important role in the fate of the young Prince Hamlet’s life. Throughout the play Hamlet finds out a numerous amount of unsettling news that pushes him towards rash decisions. The ghost of Hamlet’s recently deceased father, the King, sets the play into motion when he bestows Hamlet w ith the order to kill his murderer, Hamlet’s uncle (1.5.24-25). Relying only on his trusted friends, Hamlet sets out to findRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1874 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s play, The Tragedy of Hamlet, where the main character, Hamlet, begins going insane after the death of his father. His insanity is caused by a recent death in his family, his mother’s remarriage, the growing effects of trying to be something you are not, and the burning desire for revenge. His withering state of mind progressively worsens over time and is seen throughout the story line by everyone, that is everyone but Hamlet himself. Hamlet does not believe the things he is doingRead MoreEssay On Revenge In Hamlet1526 Words   |  7 PagesThose are some of the many things that make the characters in the story of Hamlet tick. There is almost always method to someone’s madness, and there is always a motive behind revenge although it may not be the best option. Sometimes, the man who wants revenge gets so wrapped up in the thought of getting even with a person, they do not realize they are hurting the people around them. It is affecting their lives like poison. Hamlet took the life of an innocent man because he did not stop to thinkRead MoreThe Importance of the Now1714 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies. Fictional characters are no exception. Hamlet, in particular, seems very concerned with the prospect of facing the consequences of one’s actions in the afterlife. In Act 3, he is afraid Claudius will be forgiven if he dies while praying (Ham. 3.3.77-83). In his famous â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy, Hamlet concludes that fear of the afterlife is what prevents man from committing suicide and escaping the miseries of an earthly existence(â€Å"Hamlet†). Hamlet is also consumed by the idea of death itself-

Heroes in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Joseph...

Heroes in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Joseph Campbell Many would agree that although there are many stories about heroes, they all seem similar in some way. Joseph Campbell wrote many books about this theory of a hero cycle that every hero story follows. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, this pattern is clearly exemplified and it shows the numerous steps in Joseph Campbells idea of the hero cycle. The first step in Campbells hero cycle is the call. This is when the hero of the story is drawn into some type of journey, challenge, or adventure. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, this step occurs after the Green Knight enters the castle and requests a challenge, and no one but King Arthur will accept it. Then, Sir†¦show more content†¦The Green Knight agrees if Gawain will come to wherever he thinks the Green Knight will be. Of course, Gawain has no clue where he would find him, so the Green Knight says that he will tell him if Gawain can hit him square on the neck. Then Sir Gawain strikes him directly on his neck, and the Green Knights head rolls off. The Green Knight proceeds to pick up his head and leave, while bleeding terribly from the neck as if he were unharmed. Before he leaves, he tells Sir Gawain to come to the Green Chapel when they agreed. So then a year passes before Gawain comes across his second trial. It occurs while Gawain stays in the castle of a hospitable lord before he is to meet again with the Green Knight. During his stay, the lord and Sir Gawain agree to exchange what each has won during the day (Ponsor 128). For three days the lord brings back what he has hunted, and Gawain gives him the kisses he has received from the lady of the castle. However, he also received a magical green scarf from the lady on the third day, but fails to exchange it for it is a token of good luck. When Sir Gawain finally meets with the Green Knight, he prepares to be struck with a scythe, but the Green Knight ends up only giving him a minor scratch on the neck. This is because the knight was testing his honor, and he scratched him because he did not maintain his honor on that third day. He was supposed to hand overShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1200 Words   |  5 Pagesfictional writing, cultural values of certain time periods have been expressed and implemented through the depiction of the heroes’ experiences on their journeys and the knowledge they gain by the quest’s end. For example, in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, a chivalric romance written in the Late Middle Ages, Gawain epitomizes a knight with the characteristics that knights from the Late Middle Ages were expected to possess according to the requirements outlined in the rules of chivalry, such asRead MoreComparing Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesAges, Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, both reflect attributes of loyalty, specifically the testing of one’s loyalty and the consequences of di sloyalty, which reflect the behavior and values shared by the Anglo-Saxons and the people of the Late Medieval era. When analyzing loyalty in both of these works one will see that one’s own self-worth turns loyalty into selfishness to save oneself rather than risking one’s life for the sake of the community. Joseph Campbell outlined archetypesRead MoreBeowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay2373 Words   |  10 Pagescase in the works Beowulf from the Anglo-Saxon period and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight from the Late Middle Ages. Both heroes Beowulf and Sir Gawain represent certain customs for their respective communities; however, the three hundred and fifty years between these two works contribute to the contrasting views in the definition of the aforementioned standards. Through a thorough examination of the Monomyth, a pattern identified in Joseph Campbell’s Hero with a Thousand Faces, a paradigm shift ofRead MoreHeroes : The Green Knight And Oed ipus1156 Words   |  5 Pagesday. Joseph Campbell, an American mythologist, once said â€Å"the hero is the man of self achieved submission.† A hero must also go through the twelve stages which include: call to adventure, assistance/departure, trials, approach, crisis, treasure, result, returning to their ordinary world, new life, resolution and returning to status quo. Heroes such as Beowulf, The Green Knight and Oedipus, are all seen as heroes for different reasons. However, these heroes are portrayed as archetypal heroes, meaningRead MoreComparing Beowulf And Sir Gawain Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagessociety values. Beowulf and Sir Gawain are examples of two different types of literature which were written at different times during ages where certain ideals were upheld. These ideals, which were popular in their corresponding eras, in some ways contrast and in other ways resemble each other. Nevertheless, they were shaped in accordance with the archetypal structure tha t permeates all literary works--that of the Monomyth, a concept first developed by Joseph Campbell in his monumental work TheRead MoreThe Heroes Of Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay2116 Words   |  9 Pagespossess, as suggested by Joseph Campbell in his monumental work The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Such narrative poems as Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight represent what the Anglo-Saxons and the Middle English saw as both acceptable and non-acceptable demeanor. Both works possess the same values and beliefs while others, distinctly oppose, something that can be clearly observed through the careful archetypal study of the heroes of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In Beowulf, the

The Racial Contract Is Grounded On Three Of Today s...

In Charles Mills The Racial Contract, his main argument is declaring the global white supremacy as the core of today’s political system. Mills opens with mentioning how other political philosophers in history have neglected to discuss race because of their own racial privileges. However, this is ironic given the significant of race and what social and political constraints race has put on certain groups of people. At the same time, race provides superiority for whites in the political and social spheres. Mills explains, â€Å"A Racial Contract might be more revealing of the real character of the world we are living in, and the corresponding historical deficiencies of its normative theories and practices†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (7). The Racial Contract is grounded on three claims, which are the existential claim where white supremacy exists, the conceptual claim where white supremacy exists in the political system, and the methodological claim where the contract supports a theoretical f ramework. Then, Mills outlines his argument with ten theses although this paper will only touch on the first seven theses. Although Mills omits some of the origins of race thereby weakening his historical actuality theses. Still, Mills is able to counter with examples of race that demonstrates its presence in society and a critique on social contract theorists who underestimate race’s impact on society. Overall Mills argument is sound in formulating race as a central aspect in the political system, but lacks inShow MoreRelatedQualitative Research Methods Essay13327 Words   |  54 PagesQuestion 1 Compare and contrast the following qualitative research methods: case study, phenomenological, and grounded theory. Synthesize the findings and determine which is best suited to a study on your potential dissertation topic. Analyze the issues associated with sample selection, validity, and bias in such a study. Qualitative Research Methods Introduction It is common for researchers to compare qualitative and quantitative research methods. Quantitative methods originate fromRead MoreEducation For Upper Class Girls2181 Words   |  9 Pageswere secretarial or teaching positions: now three-fourths of its applicants have been placed as physicists, chemists, office managers, sanitary experts, exhibit secretaries and the like. Observing the developments that were being made in the lives of women, the public and the press created an idiom for these ladies called the â€Å"New Woman.† The New Woman was allegedly a single young, college educated, career orientated, and opting for a marriage grounded on equality woman. Women and men were meantRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 Pagesiv Developing Effective Research Proposals Keith F Punch previous page page_iv next page Page iii  © Keith F Punch 2000 First published 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the Publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU SAGE Publications Inc 2455Read MoreEmployee Engagement and CSR: TRANSACTIONAL, RELATIONAL, AND DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACHES12982 Words   |  52 Pagesengaging employees, including its impact on their motivation, identity, and sense of meaning and purpose. It explores three different ways that companies engage their employees through CSR: a transactional approach, where programs are undertaken to meet the needs of employees who want to take part in the CSR efforts of a company; a relational approach, based on a psychological contract that emphasizes social responsibility; and a developmental approach, which aims to activate social responsibilityRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesNew York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerningRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pages..............................................................................................................11 2. Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various welfare Traditions ....................................................11 Three Social Welfare / Social Security Tradition ................ ........................................................................................11 The Poor Law tradition ..........................................................................Read MorePepsi Marketing Plan.13402 Words   |  54 Pagesof PEPSI: Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. Invented in 1883 and introduced as Brad s Drink, it was later renamed as Pepsi-Cola on June 16, 1903. The pharmacy of Caleb Bradham, with a Pepsi dispenser, as portrayed in a New Bern exhibition in the Historical Museum of Bern.Pepsi was first introduced as Brad s Drink in New Bern, North Carolina, in 1883 by Caleb Bradham, who made it at his pharmacy where the drink was sold. It was later namedRead MoreManagement and Study Unit41775 Words   |  168 Pagesprescribed book. Each study unit has a broad aim and learning outcomes, which indicate what you should have learnt by the end of your learning experience. THE SYLLABUS The syllabus for the module in Purchasing and Supply Management is divided into three topics and nine study units. Each study unit covers one of the chapters in the prescribed book. Topic 1 provides an overview of the purchasing management function by putting the purchasing function and other supply approaches in perspective, investigatingRead MoreManagement and Study Unit41787 Words   |  168 Pagesprescribed book. Each study unit has a broad aim and learning out comes, which indicate what you should have learnt by the end of your learning experience. THE SYLLABUS The syllabus for the module in Purchasing and Supply Management is divided into three topics and nine study units. Each study unit covers one of the chapters in the prescribed book. Topic 1 provides an overview of the purchasing management function by putting the purchasing function and other supply approaches in perspective, investigatingRead MoreBusiness Ethics and Global Economy10535 Words   |  43 PagesAM Page 260 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES ââ€"† CHAPTER 10 Business Ethics in a Global Economy CHAPTER OUTLINE Ethical Perceptions and International Business Culture as a Factor in Business Adapting Ethical Systems to a Global Framework Global Values The Multinational Corporation Sexual and Racial Discrimination Human Rights Price Discrimination Bribery Harmful Products Pollution and the Natural Environment Telecommunications Issues Intellectual-Property Protection World Trade Organization To understand

Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets 7e free essay sample

A stock when it is first issued provides funds for a company. Is the same true of an exchangetraded stock option? Discuss. An exchange-traded stock option provides no funds for the company. It is a security sold by one investor to another. The company is not involved. By contrast, a stock when it is first issued is sold by the company to investors and does provide funds for the company. Problem 1. 10. Explain why a futures contract can be used for either speculation or hedging. If an investor has an exposure to the price of an asset, he or she can hedge with futures contracts. If the investor will gain when the price decreases and lose when the price increases, a long futures position will hedge the risk. If the investor will lose when the price decreases and gain when the price increases, a short futures position will hedge the risk. Thus either a long or a short futures position can be entered into for hedging purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets 7e or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If the investor has no exposure to the price of the underlying asset, entering into a futures contract is speculation. If the investor takes a long position, he or she gains when the asset’s price increases and loses when it decreases. If the investor takes a short position, he or she loses when the asset’s price increases and gains when it decreases. Problem 1. 11. A cattle farmer expects to have 120,000 pounds of live cattle to sell in three months. The livecattle futures contract on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange is for the delivery of 40,000 pounds of cattle. How can the farmer use the contract for hedging? From the farmer’s viewpoint, what are the pros and cons of hedging? The farmer can short 3 contracts that have 3 months to maturity. If the price of cattle falls, the gain on the futures contract will offset the loss on the sale of the cattle. If the price of cattle rises, the gain on the sale of the cattle will be offset by the loss on the futures contract. Using futures contracts to hedge has the advantage that it can at no cost reduce risk to almost zero. http://helpyoustudy. info Its disadvantage is that the farmer no longer gains from favorable movements in cattle prices. Problem 1. 12. It is July 2010. A mining company has just discovered a small deposit of gold. It will take six months to construct the mine. The gold will then be extracted on a more or less continuous basis for one year. Futures contracts on gold are available on the New York Mercantile Exchange. There are delivery months every two months from August 2010 to December 2011. Each contract is for the delivery of 100 ounces. Discuss how the mining company might use futures markets for hedging. The mining company can estimate its production on a month by month basis. It can then short futures contracts to lock in the price received for the gold. For example, if a total of 3,000 ounces are expected to be produced in September 2010 and October 2010, the price received for this production can be hedged by shorting a total of 30 October 2010 contracts. Problem 1. 13. Suppose that a March call option on a stock with a strike price of $50 costs $2. 50 and is held until March. Under what circumstances will the holder of the option make a gain? Under what circumstances will the option be exercised? Draw a diagram showing how the profit on a long position in the option depends on the stock price at the maturity of the option. The holder of the option will gain if the price of the stock is above $52. 50 in March. (This ignores the time value of money. ) The option will be exercised if the price of the stock is above $50. 00 in March.

Fort William Henry The Savages Explored Essays -

Fort William Henry The Savages Explored Fort William Henry: The Savages Explored The massacre of Fort William Henry occurred in the year 1757, when France's Native American allies captured, tortured, or killed 308 surrendered English. The incident was brutal, it has been told and retold throughout history by an array of authors, historians, and media agencies. Although every re-telling of the massacre has inevitable variations, the writings of James Fenimore Cooper and Francis Parkman, and the Hollywood film ?The Last of the Mohicans? with the portrayal of Native Americans as inferior, vengeful savages in an attempt to explain the tragedy of the historical event. James Fenimore Cooper used negative descriptions of Native Americans in his novel The Last of the Mohicans to dramatize the massacre at Fort William Henry. This helps the reader make sense of the tragedy. Cooper depicted the Huron Indians as ?raving savages? that were both ?wild and untutored? in their nature (Cooper 207). It is easier to understand the massacre when Cooper blatantly indicates to the reader that ?revenge is an Indian feeling? (217). The presuming way that Cooper characterizes Native Americans as animalistic and unintelligent inadvertently dehumanizes the Indians, and creates a plausible reason for the slaughtering. By stating that the Indians became ?heated and maddened by the sight? of blood, and even ?drank freely?of the crimson tide? that covered the ground, the motive for the massacre becomes obvious: primitive vengeance (208). A passage which clearly evokes the strongest understanding of Indian savagery is stated below: ? [the Indian's] bantering but sullen smile changing to a gleam of ferocity, he dashed the head of the infant against a rock, and cast its quivering remains to [its mother's] very feet (207). Cooper undoubtedly used the worst possible trait of a savage: the ability to murder infants shamelessly to emphasize his opinion of the Indians. Furthermore, the inferiority of the Indians is reinforced by their broken dialect. Magua, the Huron chief speaks in incomplete sentences and uses improper grammar: ?Magua is a great chief? which demonstrates his lack of intelligence (208). James Fenimore Cooper was a very effective novelist, and it is apparent that his treatment of the Indians in The Last of the Mohicans was an attempt to explain the tragic deaths of so many. Like Cooper, Francis Parkman's book Montcalm and Wolfe has a primitive and uncivilized depiction of Native Americans. This is an indirect explanation of the tragedy at Fort William Henry. Parkman blatantly displayed the Indian ally's inferiority by stating that ?their religion is brute paganism? and that ?their paradise is to be drunk? (Parkman 493). An animalistic image emerged with the description that ?[the Indians] grappled and tore each other with their teeth like wolves?, which reinforced the created picture of the savage (493). Similar to Cooper, Parkman uses Indian dialect to dehumanize and set Native Americans apart from the ?civilized? conduct of England and France. Parkman characterized the disorderly ?whoops and shrieks? of the Indians as a ?signal of butchery?, which persuades the reader to assume that the Native Americans were primitive in every possible respect (524). It can be assumed that violence is inevitably linked to simple forms of communication and demeanor. It is interesting that both Parkman and Cooper place a great emphasis upon the nature of Indians before they describe the actual historical event. Once a clear picture of the ?brutal savage? is firmly established, they both describe the massacre with horrifying details that are best explained by previous knowledge that they have provided. In essence, Cooper and Parkman set the scene for the story by providing the reader with useful information about the nature of the story's characters. It is easy to explain the injustice of the massacre at Fort William Henry?the Indians were uncivilized and brutal, and the act was one of primitive vengeance from a lesser people. Finally, in the Hollywood picture ?The Last of the Mohicans?, the massacre scene shows the watcher a manifestation of the unprecedented revenge of French allied Indians. While Hollywood did a decent job of creating a historically true scenario, certain stereotypically ?Indian' traits emerged throughout the film. Broken dialect is once again observed, in conversations like the one in which the Indian warrior states ?

All About Snow Fleas, a Wingless Insect

All About Snow Fleas, a Wingless Insect For the bug enthusiasts among us, its a happy day when we find snow fleas. At the end of a long, cold, nearly bug-free winter, we feel lucky to find a mass of tiny arthropods hopping about in the melting snow. Snow fleas are actually not  fleas  at all, but a kind of  springtail. Because theyre tiny and tend to jump, they remind people of fleas and thus were given this inaccurate name. What Do Snow Fleas Look Like? From even a short distance away, snow fleas look like bits of dirt or pepper on the surface of the snow. They catch peoples attention because they have a habit of jumping. At times, snow fleas gather in such large numbers they make the snow look black or blue. They tend to aggregate on the surface of the snow around the trunks of trees. Take a closer look, however, and youll find that snow fleas look similar to other springtails. Theyre quite small, reaching only 2-3 millimeters in length. The springtails we find flinging themselves across the snow are usually blue in color. In North America, the snow fleas were likely to find belong to the genus  Hypogastrura. Why and How Do Snow Fleas Jump? Snow fleas are wingless insects, incapable of flying. They move by walking and jumping. But unlike other famous jumping arthropods like  grasshoppers  or  jumping spiders, snow fleas dont use their legs to jump. Snow fleas catapult themselves into the air by releasing a spring-like mechanism called a  furcula, a sort of tail thats folded underneath its body - thus the name springtail. When the furcula releases, the snow flea is launched several inches in the air, a considerable distance for such a tiny bug. Its an effective way to flee potential predators quickly, although they have no way to steer. Why Do Snow Fleas Gather on the Snow? Snow fleas live in the soil and leaf litter, even in the winter months, where they munch away on decaying vegetation and other organic matter. Springtails are actually quite common and abundant, but theyre so tiny that they tend to blend in and go unnoticed. Remarkably, snow fleas dont freeze in the winter thanks to a special kind of protein in their bodies. This protein is rich in  glycine, an  amino acid, which enables the protein to bind to ice crystals and keep them from growing. It works much like the antifreeze we put in our cars. The antifreeze protein allows snow fleas to remain alive and active even in subzero temperatures. On warm and sunny winter days, particularly as we get closer to spring, snow fleas make their way up through the snow, perhaps in search of food. As they gather in numbers on the white surface, flinging themselves from place to place, they attract our attention. How Do I Get Rid of Snow Fleas? Why would you want to get rid of snow fleas? Theyre perfectly harmless. They dont bite, they cant make you sick, and they wont hurt your plants. In fact, they help improve your soil by breaking down organic material. Leave them be. Once the snow melts and spring arrives, youll forget theyre even there - unless you like bugs, in which case you may find yourself searching for them in the soil. Sources: Springtails, by Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University.Springtails and Snowfleas, Insect Diagnostic Laboratory, Cornell University.Snow fleas: helpful winter critters, by Katie Kline, Ecological Society of America, January 28, 2011.Structural Modeling of Snow Flea Antifreeze Protein, by Feng-Hsu Lin, Laurie A. Graham,  Robert L. Campbell, and Peter L. Davies,  Biophysical Journal, March 1, 2007.Snow fleas are conspicuous but harmless, by Jeff Hahn, University of Minnesota Extension, March 26, 2014.

Corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Corporate finance - Essay Example In this process the underwriter sells the shares of the company at a discount to the senior executives of a third party company in exchange of some future business opportunities or some other benefits that it hopes to receive from that company. How this conflict of interest arises and how it can be solved is discussed in the following pages. When the company goes in for an IPO by using the services of an underwriter in exchange of some fees that the underwriter charges the company is in essence acting as principal and the underwriter is acting as an agent. The problem in a principal agent relationship arises when either the principal or the agent are guided by self interests. The problem is aggravated when there is information asymmetry such that the agent has more information than the principal available with it. In such cases the principal is not sure whether the agent is actually working to serve in the best interest of the Principal. In this particular case for example the agent that is underwriter of the shares, has more information available to it than the company. The investment banker has several interests over here to look into like looking into its own future interests and just to ensure that the company’s share can sell at higher price. Its primary goal is to show the company that it has sold the IPO by the company at a very high price and thus is able to command a huge price tag for its services. The second interest guiding the investment bankers is to open the doors of future business prospects. By the act of spinn ing the investment banker (acting as underwriter) is able to achieve both its objectives. A research into the field by Prof. J. R. Ritter and X. Liu in the year 2009 showed that the IPOs in which spinning was involved in by the investment bankers generated 23% higher first day returns as compared to other IPOs (Liu and Ritter, 2010). Secondly companies of the executives who were offered the shares of the IPO at discount were most likely

Unit 3 Case Mangement Seminar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 3 Case Mangement Seminar - Research Paper Example In my case, I use my cultural practices to relate with my customers. A proper dress code is the first impression that attracts customers to wards my business. When interacting with my customers, I often uses motivational languages thus I am able to encourage customers to buy products that are by giving out reasonable discounts. Culture biasness is common in many business organizations. These practices create drift between the rich, those who live in the middle class society and the poor. The cultural practice of a business determines the type of customer expectations. Some business tend to trade on goods and services that are only affordable to people of high social classes, while others can accommodate both the rich and model class social groups. The cultural practices are universal thus free from culture bias. Business organizations often advance easily if they adapt a culture that is free from bias. Culture bias discourages clients from investing as well as trading withy certain business organizations. Human service workers discourage clients from trading if they engage in cultures that accommodate business. Non-verbal communications are used to define a business culture. They are the daily business activities that are used to draw

Protective Effects Of Fluoride Toothpastes Health And Social Care Essay

Protective Effects Of Fluoride Toothpastes Health And Social Care Essay The main aim of this report is to discuss the evidence for the protective effects of fluoride toothpastes and varnishes. In addition, I will discuss their application and mode of action. To begin with, I will give a brief history of fluoride and how it fits into the reversal of tooth decay. I will discuss fluoride varnishes namely Duraphat, Fluor Protector and Duraflor and their effect on the DMF Index and their roles in school based prevention programmes. There are other varnishes such as Lawefluor and Bifluorid but these are less commonly used and therefore, I will not be discussing them. After discussing fluoride varnishes, I will consider fluoride toothpastes. I will give a description on the composition of a typical toothpaste and the effect of fluoride toothpastes on the DMF Index. In addition, I will discuss the effects of high fluoride concentration toothpastes. Finally, I will compare both toothpastes and varnishes. Contents Pages Summary Contents Introduction Deposition of fluoride in enamel What is tooth decay? Fluoride: Mode of Action Who is at risk of decay? Optimum fluoride concentration required for remineralisation DMF Index Main Section What are fluoride varnishes? Effect on DMFT/S The effect of fluoride varnishes according to different caries risk School based prevention programmes The use of fluoride varnish in inhibiting secondary carious lesions What are fluoride toothpastes? Use of fluoride toothpastes in clinical trials High Fluoride toothpastes The use of fluoride toothpastes in advanced enamel lesions Comparison of Toothpastes and Varnishes Conclusion Acknowledgements Word Count References Introduction I have decided to carry out this report on fluoride as I realise the importance of its role in the prevention of tooth decay (dental caries). Fluoride is a negative ion of the element fluorine and is found naturally in water, foods, soil, and minerals such as fluorite (calcium fluoride) and fluorapatite. Fluoride can also be synthesised in laboratories where it can be added to oral hygiene products and to water. Fluoride utilisation has occurred in two phases: before water fluoridation in the 1950s and after the widespread use of fluoridated dentifrices in the 1980s (Cury, Tenuta 2008) when less than 10% of toothpastes contained fluoride compared with 96% at present. Fluoride is most effective post-eruptively (Oganessian, Lencova Broukal 2007) where the effects are generally topical and therefore, it is important for a constant fluoride concentration to be maintained in the oral environment. Topically applied fluoride provides high concentrations of fluoride to surfaces of the denti tion. This provides a local protective effect and prevents ingestion of large amounts of fluoride. (Marinho et al. 2004) Deposition of fluoride in enamel During apatite crystal formation, low concentrations of fluoride are incorporated into the tooth structure. This leads to supersaturation with respect to fluoridated hydroxyapatite: {{66 ten Cate,J.M. 2008) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2+ F-= Ca10(PO4)6(F)2 + 2OH- (Fluorapatite) After calcification is complete and prior to eruption, additional fluoride is taken up by the surface enamel. After eruption, the enamel continues to take up fluoride from its oral environment leading to its profound topical effects (Kidd 2005). What is tooth decay? It is important to consider the causes of tooth decay and how fluoride can be used to reverse the carious process. Dental Caries is a multifactorial disease caused by the action of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria (Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli ({{32 Featherstone,J.D. 2008}}) on fermentable carbohydrates such as sucrose. Salivary glycoproteins form a pellicle on the tooth to which these bacteria attach to forming a pathogenic biofilm and over time, acid demineralisation and proteolytic destruction of the organic component of the enamel and dentine takes place (Young, Kutsch Whitehouse 2009). Dental Caries can be classified in several ways According to location-Caries may be restricted to pits and fissures but may also progress to expose the pulp. Restorative status of the tooth- Primary caries occurs on previously unrestored teeth whereas secondary caries occurs at margins of restorations {{52 Kidd,Edwina A.M. 2005}}. Secondary caries is caused by local factors that are involved in the formation of cariogenic plaque. Most secondary carious lesions develop at the gingival margins of restorations primarily in areas of stagnation areas (Mjà ¶r, 1998). Large gaps between the restoration and the wall of the cavity preparation can create an environment that favours secondary caries formation (Mjà ¶r, 1998). Secondary caries is also known as recurrent caries. Caries can be arrested whereby a lesion which was previously active has now stopped progressing. Fluoride: Mode of Action Fig 1: Demineralisation Process and the role of fluoride (Cury, Tenuta 2008) Figure one shows how sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose are converted to acids in the plaque biofilm. When the pH decreases below 5.5 (critical pH of enamel), the saliva is no longer supersaturated with calcium and phosphate. Therefore, demineralisation occurs. However, in the presence of fluoride and if the pH is higher than 4.5, hydroxyapatite is converted to fluorapatite which has a lower solubility. As a result, net demineralization is reduced and the dental hard tissues are more acid resistant. Tenuta and colleagues calculated that fluorapatite would not dissolve until the pH dropped below approximately 4.4. However, researchers have found that the effect of fluoride is not only due to the decreased solubility but also due to the effect of fluoride on the rates of demineralisation and remineralisation (Stoodley et al. 2008). In order to enter bacteria, fluoride must be combined with a hydrogen ion forming hydrogen fluoride (HF), which readily diffuses into the cell. Once inside the bacterial cell, the HF dissociates into fluoride and hydrogen ions. The fluoride inhibits intracellular bacterial enzymes such as enolase. As a result, less phosphoenolpyruvate and lactate are formed. The reduced lactate formation limits the ability of bacteria to cause caries. Similarly, the uptake of glucose is also reduced by fluoride {{63 Featherstone,J.D. September 2004}}. The fluoride concentration in saliva increases after brushing with a fluoride toothpaste. After three minutes, the concentration is 100 times greater than the baseline value (normally 0.03ppm or 1.6umol/l) {{65 Murray, J.J 1991}}. Two hours later, the concentration returns to normal. It is important to avoid rinsing out the mouth as the most profound effects of fluoride are within two hours of brushing. Fluoride is spread throughout the oral cavity and is stored in compartments on the tooth surface and the remaining pellicle (Cury, Tenuta 2008). Calcium Fluoride globules are formed and are reservoirs of fluoride, releasing it as the pH falls, thereby, reducing time spent in the demineralisation phase. The main effects of fluoride can be attributed to the maintenance of constant fluoride levels in the biofilm. Overall, fluoride has multiple ways of reducing caries. It is believed that the most important of these methods is the remineralisation concept {{40 Oganessian,E. 2007}}, which requires a constant flow of fluoride. Bacterial enzyme inhibition plays a supplementary role when the concentration of fluoride is high which is achieved by topical fluoride applications and toothpastes (Murray, Rugg-Gunn Jenkins 1991). Who is at risk of decay? There are certain groups in the population who are at risk of decay and therefore, would benefit from the use of fluoridated dentifrices. These include patients with: Xerostomia, which may have resulted from the radiotherapy to the head or neck leading to salivary gland exposure. This leads to a decrease in both the resting and stimulated salivary flow rates. Xerostomia is defined as the complete absence of saliva or hyposalivation. Hyposalivation leads to decreased levels of calcium, phosphate and hydrogen bicarbonate ions. As a result, there is a longer demineralisation phase Sjà ¶grens syndrome- this is clinically defined as at least two of kerataoconjuctivitis sicca, Xerostomia(dry mouth) and rheumatoid arthritis or another connective tissue disease {{62 Newbrun,E. 1996}} A high incidence of caries in their primary dentition Hypersensitivity Root caries Removable orthodontic appliances and partial dentures A poor diet and those who regularly snack on fermentable carbohydrates {{37 Evans,R.W. 2008}}. However, this risk has decreased due to better plaque control and increased fluoride exposure. Multiple restorations suggesting a high prevalence of caries Optimum fluoride concentration required for remineralisation Bjarnason and Finnbogason (1991) found that fluoride levels in dentifrices had no effect on the progression of enamel lesions detected radiographically. However, a higher fluoride concentration (1000ppm F-) led to reduction in caries initiation compared to a dentifrice with a lower fluoride concentration (250ppm F-) {{69 Bjarnason, S. 1991}}. It is ultimately difficult to decide the optimum fluoride concentration required for remineralisation as different areas of the mouth are more at risk of caries due to unique ecological factors. However, it was thought that lesion progression in enamel was slowed down only in patients with low caries activity whereas patients with high caries activity still experienced rapid progression (Hellwig, Lussi 2001). DMF Index The DMF index is a measure of caries activity in a population and changes in the DMF index can be used to highlight the protective effects of the fluoride toothpastes and varnishes (Kidd 2005). D: decayed teeth with untreated carious lesions M: missing teeth (extracted teeth) F: filled teeth DMFT denotes decayed, missing and filled teeth DMFS denotes decayed, missing and filled surfaces in permanent teeth and therefore, the number of surfaces attacked on each tooth are accounted for. There are similar indices for deciduous tooth, which are the defs and deft scores. The e represents extracted teeth to differentiate(Johansen et al. 1987) between natural loss of teeth through exfoliation. Burt in 1998 suggested that greater emphasis has to be placed on the assessment and early diagnosis of caries {{77 Burt, B.A. 1998}}. This has been backed up by cohort studies {{83 Johansen, E. 1987}} (Axelsson, Lindhe Nystrom 1991), which found that the use of preventive strategies (fluoride application) resulted in a substantial reduction in lesion development and progression. Fluoride varnishes What is fluoride varnish? Fluoride varnish was first developed in New York in 1968 by Heuser and Schmidt in the form of sodium fluoride and was marketed under the name Duraphat. The Duraphat varnish contains 22,600 parts per million of fluoride (ppm Fˆ°) as shown in figure 2. In the 1970s, there was a switch from sodium fluoride to difluorsilane which was marketed under the name Fluor Protector (7000ppm Fˆ°) in Germany {{42 Azarpazhooh,A. 2008}}. Fluoride Varnish Type of fluoride Fluoride Concentration(ppm) Fluoride Concentration(%) Duraphat Sodium Fluoride 22,600 2.26 Duraflor Sodium Fluoride 22,600 2.26 Fluor protector Difluorsilane 7,000 0.70 Fig 2: The table above shows the fluoride varnishes that are most commonly used. Other types of fluoride varnishes include: Fluoride Varnish Type of fluoride Fluoride Concentration(ppm) Fluoride Concentration (%) Lawefluor Sodium Fluoride 22,600 2.2 Bifluorid Sodium and Calcium Fluoride 56,300 5.6 Fig 3: The table above shows other fluoride varnishes which are available but are less commonly used {{24 Davies,G.M. 2008}}. Most fluoride varnishes contain fluoride in an alcoholic solution of natural tree resin. The main advantage of the varnish is that the resin base is very adherent to the tooth prolonging contact time between the fluoride and enamel {{26 Miller,E.K. et al 2008}}. Varnishes are easy to apply and relatively safe regardless of the high fluoride concentration as the amount of varnish applied to one child is only 0.5 ml on average (Ripa 1990; Petersson 1993). Varnishes are slow-releasing reservoirs of fluoride preventing immediate release of fluoride after application (Ogaard 1994). As a result, they are most effective at protecting against primary caries. The food and drug administration centre in America has not yet accepted fluoride varnish as an anti-caries agent but considered it as a liner/desensitising agent (Mason 2005). There is some debate as to the amount of fluoride taken up by the tooth surfaces. It was found that approximately half of the fluoride taken up by sound surfaces from Fluor Protector varnish was lost after 6 months suggesting that the large amount of fluoride taken up after one week does not bind permanently to enamel and that the effects of fluoride are more short term. There has also been a debate over whether fluoride varnish should be applied to wet or dry surfaces. Koch et al found that the fluoride uptake was much greater when the varnish was applied to dry tooth surfaces (Koch, Hakeberg Petersson 1988). Fluoride varnishes can be applied professionally up to two to four times a year. Marinho et al in 2002 investigated the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in preventing dental caries in children compared to a placebo or no treatment. Over 2700 systemically healthy children aged 16 or less received fluoride varnish containing 22,600ppm sodium fluoride. There was a large caries inhibiting effect on both permanent and deciduous dentition. However, the confidence intervals were relatively wide and the variation among the results was substantial. The success of the treatment may have been over estimated, as the results of the few trials may not have been representative. As a result, it is important to carry out more trials before a definite statement can be made of the effects of the fluoride varnish (Marinho 2002). In addition, more information is required on the scale of the fluoride effect and the adverse effects of fluoride. Effect on the DMFT/dmft Primary Dentition There was a 33% decrease in the decayed, missing and filled surfaces (Marinho 2002). A two year randomised clinical trial carried out on children with a mean age of 1.8 years, found that the application of fluoride varnish once, twice and three times a year reduced the mean dmfs by 53%, 58% and 93% respectively {{67 Davies,G.M. 2009}}. This highlights the importance of frequent varnish application. (Petersson, Twetman Pakhomov 1998)Petersson et al. in 1998 found a 19% and 25% reduction in the increment of approximal caries in children with a moderate or high caries risk respectively. This shows that children with a high caries risk benefit the most from the application of fluoride varnishes (Zimmer 2001). Ages 0-3 Weintraub and colleagues carried out a two year randomised controlled trial on 376 children aged between 6-44 months (Weintraub et al. 2006). The children were split into three groups: Those who received counselling Those who received counselling and the annual application of Duraphat Those who received counselling and the twice yearly application at six monthly intervals The number of lesions only increased in children who received counselling alone highlighting the protective effects of the varnish. Those children who received no varnish application were twice as likely of developing decay as those who received the annual application of fluoride. As the frequency of fluoride varnish application increased, the number of carious lesions decreased. One drawback of this trial was that simultaneous counselling and varnish application led to some ambiguity as to whether the effects were due to varnish application or counselling although fluoride application was seen to play a key role. Ages 3-6 According to the Cochrane Review, there was an overall 38% reduction in the DMFS/dmfs (Marinho 2002). A two year randomised study of 1,275 children in Canada aged between 6 months and 5 years found that twice-yearly application of Durafluor led to an 18.3% reduction in the dmfs increment (Lawrence et al. 2006). Mixed dentition There was on average a 46% decrease in dmfs. The fluoride varnish was an effective preventive measure for partially erupted permanent molars. Equally, patients who are insufficiently co-operative benefit from fluoride varnish application (Marinho 2002). Permanent dentition A randomised clinical trial used to examine the impact of fluoride varnish on the incidence of approximal caries, detected radiographically in 13 year olds over a three year period, found that the varnish applied monthly and twice a year reduced caries by 76% and 57% respectively again highlighting the importance of frequent fluoride application{{67 Davies,G.M. 2009}}. The caries reduction in permanent teeth shown in the Cochrane review of trials was similar to that achieved in a metaanalysis carried out by Helfenstein in 1994 when Duraphat was applied 2 times a year in children aged 9-15 years (Helfenstein, Steiner 1994). There was a 38% reduction in the caries. It is likely that most of the participants benefited from the use of a fluoridated dentifrice as the majority of the studies were carried out in Scandinavian countries between 1973 and 1987. However, as both the Cochrane review and the Helfenstien study were carried out involving a different selection criteria, it is debatab le as to whether the results from both these trials can be compared. In conclusion, application of fluoride varnish two to four times a year on both permanent and deciduous teeth is associated with a reduction in the caries increment (Marinho 2002). The effect of fluoride varnish according to different caries risks Mà ¶berg Skold carried out a trial which involved the application of fluoride varnish to approximal caries in adolescents living in different caries risk areas. The trial involved 758 students aged between 13 to16 years old. The large sample size meant that the results of this study were representative. This is because as the sample size increases, the variability of the results decreases. This means that the results have a greater statistical power and smaller confidence intervals. Fig 4: (Azarpazhooh, Main 2008) The figure above shows the groups which were chosen according to their caries risk and whether they had any fluoride in their tap water. Duraphat was applied to the approximal surfaces from the distal surface of the canines to the mesial surface of the second molars. Each group had different intervals of application shown in the figure below: Group No. of participants Frequency of Duraphat application One 190 Twice yearly in six-monthly intervals ( 6 times in 3 years) Two 186 Three times a year with a one week period each year(9 times in 3 years) Three 201 Eight times a year during school terms with one month intervals ( 24 times in 3 years) Four(Control) 181 No application Fig 5: (Azarpazhooh, Main 2008) The frequency of Duraphat application The results from this trial show that the biggest difference was between group one and the control group in high caries risk area (Gà ¶teborg). However, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding filled approximal lesions and approximal enamel lesions. There was a greater incidence of caries in the control group in comparison to the fluoride varnish groups in all risk areas highlighting the protective effects of the fluoride varnish (Mà ¶berg Skold et al. 2005). Overall, it was found that the school based monthly application of fluoride varnish is the best method of preventing approximal caries in areas of medium and high caries risk (Mà ¶berg Skold et al. 2005). School based prevention programmes A cluster randomised trial was carried out by M.C Hardman and colleagues involving 2,091 school children living in a non-fluoridated area. One group of students (1,025 students) received the twice-yearly application of Colgate Duraphat varnish whilst the other group (1,066 students) served as a control. This study found that the twice-yearly application of fluoride varnish did not lead to a reduction in caries in children living in the community {{43 Hardman,M.C. 2007}}. This is contrary to what was found by Marinho and colleagues. They found that the biannual application of Duraphat in a school-based programme provided a caries inhibition of 38% in children aged 9-15 years (Marinho 2002). The study carried out by M.C Hardman and colleagues did not prove to be conclusive as the level of consent in the community was low. Approximately 110 students were lost during the study. The control group had lower caries levels than anticipated and therefore, it was difficult to tell the true eff ect of fluoride. In addition, the application of varnish was carried out under sub-optimal conditions (teeth could not be cleaned prior to application and the consumption of food and drink after application could not be controlled), which could have resulted in less profound effects. In conclusion, it was found that this type of fluoride varnish intervention is not effective in the prevention of caries in the public {{43 Hardman,M.C. 2007}}. A similar study was carried in a small town located in the American Southwest on children attending a head start nursery using Duraflor as the varnish of choice. The trial began in the head start class of 2002. Duraflor was applied during well child visits every 9, 12, 15, 18, 24 and 30 months. The class of 2003 had no fluoride application and therefore, served as the control. The mean age was 4.40 years and approximately 168 males and 189 females took part. The results showed that children who received no treatment had a mean dmfs of 23.6 with a 95% confidence interval. Those children who received 1-3 treatments had a similar dmfs to those with no treatment. Only those children who had 4 to 5 treatments showed a reduction in dmfs again suggesting the importance of frequent application. However, this study was an observational study not a randomised study and therefore, the reliability of the results can be questioned. In addition, no attempt was made to determine whether the childre n who received four or more applications of fluoride varnish differed from the other children in terms of diet and oral hygiene history {{58 Holve,S. 2008}}.. The use of fluoride varnish in inhibiting secondary carious lesions As mentioned earlier, secondary caries forms at the margins of restorations. Larger amounts of fluoride varnish may be trapped in the gap formed between the restoration and the cavity wall. This may serve as a slow releasing reservoir of fluoride, which could also provide a physical barrier against wall dissolution. In a study carried out by M. Fontana in 1996, two experiments were carried out. Experiment one involved the application of Duraflor. Experiment two involved the application of Duraphat a year after the application of Duraflor. The effects of fluoride varnish on secondary caries remineralisation and lesion progression were measured. The varnish was applied to dry tooth surfaces and rinsing after fluoride application was prevented to enhance the remineralisation potential. The varnish was applied for 24 hours to prolong the contact time between the varnish and the tooth surface. The results from these two experiments showed that fluoride application slowed down lesion progression around both amalgam and composite restorations {{48 Fontana, M. 2002}}. The placebo varnish slowed down lesion progression to a lesser extent than the fluoride varnish suggesting that the effects may not only be attributed to the fluoride in the varnish. These results matched those in a previous study carried out by Hellwig et al. in 1993. They examined the effect of Duraphat varnish on artificially created primary carious lesions and found that fluoride varnish led to remineralisation in the outer layers of enamel {{78 Hellwig, E.K. 1993}}. This slowed down lesion progression. Seppa suggested in 1988 that the benefits of fluoride varnish were attributed to their ability to enhance remineralisation of primary caries rather than their ability to increase the fluoride content of the tooth surface. This is contrary to what was previously thought that the effects of topical fluoride were due to their ability to maintain high levels of fluoride on the surface of the tooth. Seppa also found that the efficacy of the fluoride varnishes was dependent on the number of applications rather than the concentration of fluoride {{79 Seppà ¤, L. 1988}}. This backs up the results found by Marinho et al that showed that the more frequent the applicati on, the lower the incidence of new caries or the greater the decrease in mean dmfs/DMFS. Fluoride toothpaste What is fluoride toothpaste? Fluoride toothpaste is the most widely used method of fluoride application in the population due to its ease of use. Fluoride toothpastes can be incorporated into community and school based prevention programmes. Most oral health care workers recommend brushing twice a day, once just before going to bed, as this is when saliva flow is at its lowest and once at another time of day{{68 Davies,R.M. 2003}}. They recommend spitting out the toothpaste after use rather than rinsing as this dilutes the fluoride concentration in the oral cavity as previously mentioned. The widespread use of fluoride toothpastes had made it more difficult to distinguish whether a reduction in caries is due to mechanical plaque removal or due to the incorporation of fluoride. Before the widespread use of fluoride toothpastes, the importance of fluoride was illustrated in a three-year study. This study involved two groups of children aged 9 to 11 years who had benefited from supervised brushing either with or without fluoride toothpaste. Both groups showed a reduction in plaque and gingivitis but a significant reduction in caries was only seen in the group which used fluoridated toothpastes (Davies et al. 2003). A typical toothpaste contains abrasives such as calcium carbonates, which help to remove surface debris, and stains on the tooth surface. Most toothpastes contain fluoride (added to toothpastes in the 1970s) to make the tooth more resistant to acid attack and is one of the most recognised agents in toothpastes. Stannous fluoride (also known as tin fluoride) was the first fluoride to be used due to its compatibility with the abrasive, calcium phosphate. Sodium fluoride could not be used at first as the calcium in the abrasive renders it ineffective and therefore, is not compatible. Sodium Monofluorophosphate was next used as it was compatible with the abrasives used with it. Sodium Fluoride could only be used when hydrated silica and sodium bicarbonate became the abrasive of choice. Studies have shown that the sodium bicarbonate-sodium fluoride combination lead to a caries reduction of one surface per child over two years (Murray, Rugg-Gunn Jenkins 1991). Fluorides have been shown to work better in combination with detergents such as sodium lauryl sulphates, which aid the remineralisation process and create foaming whilst brushing. Toothpastes contain humectants such as glycerol, which prevent the loss of water in the toothpaste. To provide taste, saccharin and other sweeteners are added. To stabilise the toothpaste, thickening agents such as seaweed colloids are included to ensure that the toothpaste stays on the toothbrush when it is applied. The use of fluoride toothpastes in clinical trials The Cochrane review of trials found that children who used fluoridated toothpaste had fewer decayed,missing and filled permanent teeth after three years. Brushing twice a day helps to increase the benefit of fluoride (Marinho et al. 2003 England). Researchers believe that the effects of fluoridated toothpastes are underestimated in two to three year trials due to the life long used of fluoride. They also found that the use of fluoride toothpastes in areas of fluoridated water increased the protective effects. The normal concentration of fluoride in toothpastes is between 1000 and 1100 parts per million (ppm Fˆ°). Toothpastes with higher fluoride concentrations (1500ppm) and lower fluoride concentrations (500ppm) are available in many countries. Toothpastes containing higher fluoride concentrations offer greater protection against caries (Stephen 1988; OMullane 1997). Since the 1940s, more than a 100 clinical trials have been carried out and by the late 1970s, the protective effects of fluoride toothpastes were greatly accepted. As a result, many clinical trials could not have a control, as the removal of fluoride toothpaste for the trial was considered unethical. Therefore, the effectiveness of different concentrations of fluoride toothpastes have not been investigated extensively in placebo-controlled trails. The guidelines of caries trials have since been changed in order to combat this problem, by increasing the sample size so that the measurement error could be reduced (Marinho et al. 2003 England). Children or adolescents aged sixteen or less were chosen to take part in the study carried out by Marinho et al. To assess the effect of the fluoride toothpaste, the caries increment was measured as a change in the value of the DMFS Index, in all permanent teeth erupted at the start and erupting over the course of the study. Evidence from this study suggested that the use of fluoride toothpastes leads to a 24% decrease in dmfs. The confidence intervals for this reduction were 21-28%. This means that 1.6 children need to brush with fluoride toothpaste to prevent one decayed, missing or filled tooth surface in a population where the caries increment is 2.6 DMFS per year. Where the caries increment was lower (1.1 DMFS per year), 3.7 children needed to use a fluoride toothpaste in order to avoid one decayed, missing or filled tooth surface(Marinho et al. 2003 England). There was also a substantial reduction in caries increment (37%) of deciduous teeth in a trial carried out on 2008 children aged 6 to 9 years. Another aim of the Cochrane review (Marinho et al. 2003 England) was to establish whether there was any relationship between the caries-preventive effects of fluoride toothpaste and the initial level of caries, previous exposure to fluoride and the frequency of fluoride toothpaste use on the prevented fraction. The prevented fraction (PF) is the proportion of disease occurrence in a population averted due to a protective risk factor or public health intervention (Gargiullo, Rothenberg Wilson 1995). The prevented fraction was measured as the diffe

Taking Care of Your Pet Essay -- Animals Essays

Taking Care of Your Pet Many of you received your first pet when you were three. Buddy was his name and he was your cat. He was your companion. He would curl up beside you for a nap. He would listen when you talked. Though he wasn't very good for giving you advice, you enjoyed his company. You loved that cat and showed your appreciation by carrying the cat around everywhere you went. You had tea parties with him, you dressed him up in you doll clothes, and made sure to tell him goodnight before you went to bed. So by the time you were five the cat was really broke in and knew how to hide from you. Now you were telling your parents you wanted a dog. Their response was that it is a big responsibility to take care of a dog. Responsibility was a big word to you when you were five. You were determined to prove to your parents you could do it. Because cats are more independent than dogs there is more to taking care of dogs than just loving them. Cats are a loner type they come to you when they want attention and hide when they want to be alone. Dogs crave your attention from their owners and act out when they don't receive attention. Taking care of your pets are a responsibility that you need to have. Pet care involves taking you pet to the vet, giving your pet a nutritious diet, and giving your pet plenty of exercise. First of all, it is recommended that you take your pet to the vet at least once a year. Dogs and cats alike can both benefit from regular yearly checkups. This ensures that your pet can have a healthy life. Also you can get many medicines that your pet might need from you vetinarian. Like heartworm medicine for example. Heartworm medicine should be given to your pet at least o... ...ove you unconditionally. Remember these three important things about pet care, and your closest friend will be with you for a long time. You will have learned the responsibility of caring for your pet. Sure at five you are not really going to understand the full meaning of responsibility but you will learn as you grow and your pet grows with you. Over the years you will strengthen the bond and when it comes to a time that you have to depart from your pet it will be hard. But then you will have your own children and you get them a pet to teach them responsibility, just like your parents did for you. Having a pet enhances the lives of the pet owners. It helps children learn responsibility. But most of all having a pet that you have grown to love can lead to a happier, fuller life. Full of memories of a special bond that formed between you had your pet.

Sourcing Scenarios Case Questions

Julien Levesque June 17, 2010 MISM 2301 Sourcing Scenarios Case Questions Case 1: Outsourcing 1. Develop a table that captures the â€Å"pros† and â€Å"cons† of this corporate decision. Pros| Cons|Improved quality * Operational and management activities * Accurate record of transactions| Jeopardy of quality * Poor communication between suppliers * Testability * Qualifications of outsourcing company| Cost effective * Lowers cost service to the business| Quality of service * Stakeholders are affected and there is no single view of quality| Allows them to focus on the core business * Financial services| Image of company * Public opinion regarding outsourcing * Staff turnover| Operational expertise and access to talent * Too difficult or time consuming to develop it in-house| Communication problems with transferred employees * Company knowledge could be jeopardized| Standardizing business processes, IT services, and application services * More access to services because th ey have more resources and time to devote into other aspects of their company| Security, legal, and compliance issues * Fraud * Liability for actions is there but only until employees transfer| 2. List the reasons why Southwest chose outsourcing? Was it the right choice? * Business growth required the need for hardware and software upgrades * This was the RIGHT choice It is important to keep clients happy and be able to satisfy their needs while remaining profitable * IT can enable business processes * This was the RIGHT choice * Easier to analyze transactions * Make more informed decisions when manipulating information * Outsourcing vendor hired many of the IT staff * This was the RIGHT choice * Knowledge of clients and necessary procedures * Hardware and software updates meet client needs * This was the RIGHT choice * There was a fee-based arrangement so they only pay for what they need and use Case 2: Partnering 1. Develop a table that captures the â€Å"pros† and â€Å"c ons† of this corporate decision. Pros| Cons|Better customer service (focusing on their expertise)| Unregulated subsidiaries may have problems incorporating IT if they don’t have their own personnel| Increased efficiency and cost management| Should discuss decision with investors since they are affected| Wide range of technical personnel who are only employed when needed| Protocol for different subsidiaries may conflict with the IT that the partnering company wants to install| Flexibility of personnel| | Can serve different needs of each subsidiary| | 2. List the critical success factors (CSFs) in making this partnership work. * Meetings with the IT personnel and all groups to see if they can develop a plan together * Focused goal * Communication * Flexibility * Commitment to the project—financial and practice Case 3: Unwinding an outsourcing relationship 1. Use a table to list the major risks associated with this in-sourcing solution and how SRS mitigated each ri sks. Major Risks| SRS Mitigation|Data integrity| Converted to run on new software and testing| Controlled environment for data center| Located within building so it is accessible to staff and IT| No thorough understanding or knowledge of hardware and software being ordered| Clause to have vendors explain in detail all of the hardware they would employ and how it would be configured to work with their product offering system| Staff’s adoption and integration of new system| Staff training and testing| 2. List the critical success factors (CSFs) in making this arrangement work. * Understanding of needs and what hardware can be configured to best suit needs * Thorough training for employees so they know how to use hardware * Data integrity and testing * Standardizing system so it is easy to get any additional IT help and to reduce costs

Analysis Of Thomas More s Utopia - 1904 Words

We live in a time world where corruption, crime, famine, poverty and greed are slithering throughout our societies, waiting to strike and dismantle all that we have worked so hard to build and achieve. This world is filled with positivity and negativity, both of which are not set in stone. The society can flourish with all the positivity being poured throughout their lives and in the blink of an eye, this world could suddenly be struck by disasters so powerful that negativity drowns it all. There has been a gargantuan need for a place where things could just be positive without any involvement of negativity. The world we live in is not perfect, rather, this perfection we are dream of is far beyond our reach. We often times imagine such a†¦show more content†¦There is another association and translation is greek which is eu-topos which means â€Å"beautiful place†. Essentially, from its very beginnings this word utopia can be described as both a good place and no place which later gets to the contradictions that this idea that good places are always somewhere else or indeed nowhere. One may get the idea that a utopia is always a word that can be associated with human aspirations towards social perfection as well as the realization of the limitations of these aspirations. This book captures a lot of these ambiguities in various aspects and characters. The first half of the book involves More himself who puts himself into the narrative meeting a traveler called Raphael Hythloday and in the second half of the book this character begins describing this land filled with utopian qualities. According to Raphael, this land of utopia is better than every place in the world; no social or economic equalities and long descriptions of how this special society really works. There are certain arguments which question the role of Raphael Hythloday’s purpose and legitimacy when describing this land. Raphael can be almost become a reference of some type of divine messenger while the name Hythloday can be described as someone who only speaks nonsense thus Raphael Hythloday is like a â€Å"divine idiot† which then leads one to question howShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Thomas More s Utopia1338 Words   |  6 Pagespopular culture and continues to evolve even today. The piece of literature that serves as the source and namesake of this ge nre is Thomas More’s Utopia (1516) â€Å"which describes a fabricated country named Utopus after its conqueror. King Utopus reshapes a savage land into an ideal society through planning and reason fulfilling the ideal of the philosopher-king.† Utopia is derived from the Greek words ou and topos meaning â€Å"no place† directly stating that the land is impossible to arise, but it is provedRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Inferno And Thomas More s Satirical Dialogue `` Utopia ``1366 Words   |  6 Pages characters, and theme.. Dante’s Inferno and Thomas More’s Utopia are perfect examples of the use of irony as they utilized the various techniques throughout their stories. There are a plethora of accounts where irony is apparent, including the sceneries, dialogue, and titles that are portrayed in their work. This essay will examine and compare the uses of irony in Dante Alighieri’s narrative poem, Inferno and Thomas More’s satirical dialogue, U topia. Dante’s Inferno describes distinctive usesRead MoreKirstie Williams. Benson. 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Since the belief for this utopian settlement was based on ‘spiritualization’ of matter, the proposal for Matri MandirRead MoreThe And The Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1260 Words   |  6 Pagesin two of the most well known fundamentalist societies in literature history: Utopia by Sir Thomas More, and The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood. Both authors acknowledge that property represents a significant threat to governments that aim to have an equal society where every citizen contributes to the well being of the nation. Thus, property is restricted because it fosters individualism. First, through the analysis of More’s ideal society, one can understand the importance of restricting privateRead MoreLiterary Review of Sexuality and Gender in Science Fiction Literature3057 Words   |  13 Pagessexuality in SF. 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